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Neurophysiology, synaptic pharmacology and endocrinology - 1st semester summary
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Neurophysiology, synaptic pharmacology and endocrinology - 1st semester summary Includes bullet points, key diagrams and images
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Neurons• Afferent/sensory neurons transmit to CNS (sensory receptor)
• Efferent/motor neuron transmit from CNS to effector
• Interneurons transmit between neurons in CNS
• Vagus nerve controls cardiovascular and pulmonary system as well as enteric
• Graded potential- short distance signals
• APs- long distance signals, same magnitude, self propagating and all or none
• EPSPs- fewer K+ moves out and more Na+ moves in causing small depolarisation
• IPSPs- more K+ or Cl- moves out causing a small hyperpolarisation
• IPSPs and EPSPs are activated by chemically gated channels and graded so have
no refractory period so can be summed
,Neurotransmitters
• Is synthesised in the neuron
• Present in the presynaptic terminal and released to exert an effect on the
postsynaptic membrane
• Exogenous application mimics endogenous response
• Mechanism to remove it from synaptic cleft
• ACh- somatic efferent (NMJ), presynaptic ganglia of ANS, post-ganglionic of Para
and major transmitter in Para
• NA- post-ganglionic fibres of Smyp and major transmitter of Symp
• Nicotinic- ligand gated ion channels
• Muscarinic- GPCRs
• NA recycled by MAO and COMT
• Uptake 1 NET sodium cotransporter
• Uptake 2 by non-neuronal cells
• α and β are GPCRs
• NANC transmitters
• Glutamate is main excitatory and GABA main inhibitory (glycine too) NT in CNS
• Stretch reflex sensory afferent is glutamate and inhibitory interneurons is
glycine
,Muscle
• NMJ synapse between an α motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibre at motor end
plate
• NMJ is somatic efferent
• Myosin head has ATPase activity and forms crossbridges
• Actin forms filament held by nebulin and troponin
• Contraction- H and I bands shorten but A band constant
• Relaxation- calcium levels decrease by calcium ATPase pump and ACh removed
from cleft
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