Summary GCSE Geography: London Case Study + Urban issues/challanges
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Course
Geography
Institution
GCSE
An in-depth summary of London as a case study: including keynotes about migration, transport, employment, urban greening, and inequality, to name a few.
This summary also includes notes on urban issues and challenges: how does urbanisation happen, urban trends, and cities in the UK.
Additionall...
Urban Trends - There are differences in the urban-rural ratio
depending on a country’s economic wealth
- Today, the urban rural split is roughly 50-50
- Urbanisation is defined as the increase in
proportion of people living in urban areas
- The rate of urbanisation is has been increasing
exponentially since 1980
- Megacities are cities with over 10 million
inhabitants, such as New York City, London,
Mexico City etc
- Today, LICs have higher rates of urbanisation than
many HICs, such as countries in Africa and Asia
- There is a growing number of megacities in Africa
and Asia, including Lagos, Delhi, Tokyo etc
How urbanisation happens - It is estimated that 85% of people will live in urban
areas by 2050
- The 2 main causes of urbanisation are natural
increase/population growth, and migration
- The rate of natural increase is high. This is
because medicine has advanced so the death rate
is lower than the birth rate
- Migration is when people move from 1 place to
another
- Migration can be national, when people move from
rural areas to urban areas within a country.
- Migration can also be international, when people
move from 1 country to another
- Push factors that push people out of a country:
war, famine, poverty, lack of healthcare/education,
poor working conditions, etc
- Pull factors that attract people to a country: better
well-paid job, family, better infrastructure,
improved quality of life etc
- Migration into the UK has caused rapid population
growth
Cities in the UK - London is the largest city by population. It has a
population of roughly 5000 people per square
kilometre
- 80% of people in the UK live in urban areas
- The areas of lowest density include North
Scotland, Wales (with the exception of the South
Coast), and Cornwall
- Most urban areas grew at the time of the industrial
revolution
- Areas with a rugged terrain make development
expensive and difficult, so cities cannot develope
and the population density remains low
Case Study - UK City = London
London: Context - London is the capital of the UK (nationally
important)
, - London is considered a world city; it is an
important city for finance, trade, politics, culture,
science and business. It has high global
importance
- Many international companies have placed their
headquarters in the city centre (eg Vodaphone or
BP)
- London has slowly expanded, and the rural-urban
fringe is now considered to be the M25, an orbital
motorway surrounding London
- London has good transport systems that link it to
the rest of the UK and the world. For example,
good train lines (eg stations such as Paddington)
make London an easy place to get to, and it has 6
major airports (eg Heathrow) for international
people to arrive in
London: Migration - London has a very multicultural society, with
people from all around the world
- Inner London has the highest non-white population
in the UK, where 37% of people are from an ethnic
minority
- The average salary in London is £10,000 higher
than anywhere else in the UK, partly explaining
why migration is so high
- Other pull factors attracting people to London
include a variety of jobs and good transport
connections
- London is also experiencing countermigration:
when people move out of an urban area into a rural
area
- People may move out of London to an area which
is more peaceful, where there is less air pollution,
where houses are cheaper and can have gardens
- People may be pushed out of London due to an
expensive cost of living, small houses, limited
parking, air pollution, litter, housing shortage,
unemployment, poverty etc
London: Ways of life - London has a multicultural society: there are over
270 nationalities speaking over 300 languages, all
living and working together
- Because of this, there is a huge range of diverse
restaurants, places to worship, music festivals etc
(eg Notting Hill Festival)
- There are many opportunities for people to fill their
time in London. Sports is encouraged through
recreation grounds and large parks, there are art
galleries, museums, the West End, hundreds of
places to eat
- Due to a lack of space, housing in London is
extremely expensive. More than half of people
living in London rent
- Due to its high population density, London has a
high consumption rate, of food, water, energy, fuel
etc
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