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Summary Chapter 22 notes
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I m p e r i a lD r e a m s
-pol,
biz
leaders
weren’t
as
occupied
w/
internal
matters,
advocated
activist
approach
to
world
affairs,
emphasized
benefits
to
US
domestic
health
along
w/
other
motives
-supporters
said
that
foreign
policy
came
from
domestic
setting
of
nation,
leaders
that
guided
foreign
relations
were
the
same
ones
that
guided
dev
of
machine
age,
transcont
rails,
shaped
mass
culture
-US
was
exceptional
nation;
superior
and
different
due
to
anglo-saxon
heritage,
god
favored
&
prosperous
history
-exceptionalism,
nationalism,
social
Darwinism,
paternal
attitude
toward
foreigners
influenced
US
foreign
culture
F o r e i g n
P o l i c y
E l i t e
-
public
influences
domestic
policy
directly,
foreign
policy
elite
(leaders
in
politics,
biz,
journalism,
agri,
religion,
edu,
military)
dominate
the
making
of
foreign
policy
-foreign
policy
elite
believed
US
prosperity,
security
depended
on
US
exertion
of
influence
abroad
-in
late
19th
century
(esp
1890s),
expansionist
elites
pushed
formal,
informal
imperialism,
met
in
DC
at
Henry
Adams,
John
Hay’s
houses,
wanted
to
build
bigger
navy,
dig
canal
across
Panama/Central
America/Mexico,
establishing
colonies,
selling
surplus
abroad
-among
them:
Roosevelt,
Senator
Henry
Cabot
Lodge,
Elihu
Root
-buying/selling
in
foreign
markets
important
-profits
from
sales
-served
as
safety
valve
(relieved
US
overproduction
and
the
economic
depression,
social
tension,
unemployment)
-economic
ties
exerted
political
influence
abroad
-spread
the
American
way
of
life
(capitalism)
abroad,
made
world
hospitable
to
americans
-at
the
time
the
most
powerful
nations
were
the
greatest
traders,
foreign
expansion
symbolized
national
stature
F o r e i g n
T r a d e
E x p a n s i o n
-most
business
leaders
stayed
focused
on
domestic
markets,
foreign
trade
was
part
of
the
huge
US
economic
growth
after
the
civil
war
-foreign
commerce
resulted
in
building
of
larger
protective
navy,
professionalization
of
foreign
service,
calls
for
more
colonies,
interventionist
foreign
policy
-1865
-
US
exports
=
$234
million,
1900
-
$1.5
billion,1914
-
$2.5
billion
-some
europeans
protested
US
invasion
of
goods
-1874
-
US
reversed
unfavorable
balance
of
trade
(importing
more
than
it
exported)
to
long-term
favorable
balance
(exporting
more
than
imported),
payment
balance
stayed
in
red -Most
US
products
went
to
Britain,
cont.
Europe,
Canada,
some
went
to
new
markets
in
Latin
America,
Asia
-direct
US
investments
abroad
=
3.5
billion
by
1914
(US
in
top
4
investor
countries)
-Agri
goods
=
¾
of
total
1870
exports,
⅔
in
1900
(grain,
cotton,
meat,
dairy
products
topped
list)
-over
half
of
annual
cotton
crop
exported,
midwestern
farmers
transported
crops
by
rail
to
seaboard
cities,
then
to
foreign
markets
(Wisconsin
cheese
to
Europe,
Swift
and
Armour
meat
companies
sold
refrigerated
meat
to
Europe,
James
J
Hill
of
the
Great
Northern
Railroad
sold
wheat
abroad
by
translating
cookbooks
into
Asian
languages)
-1913
-
US
outranked
GB,
Germany
in
manufacturing
production,
manufactured
goods
led
US
exports
for
the
first
time
-large
proportions
of
US
steel,
copper,
petroleum,
sold
abroad,
made
workers
in
those
sectors
dependent
on
US
exports
-George
Westinghouse
marketed
air
brakes
in
Europe,
Singer
machines
sold
equal
amounts
abroad
and
domestically,
Cyrus
McCormick’s
reaper
kings
harvested
Russian
wheat
R a c e
T h i n k i n g
a n d
t h e
M a l e
E t h o s
-
promoting
US
expansion
-
officials
championed
nationalism
based
on
US
supremacy,
echoed
European
imperialists
(justified
expansionism
w/
racist
theories
in
western
thought,
politics)
-western
scientists
classified
humans
by
race,
used
phrenology,
physiognomy
(skull
size
and
shape
analysis,
facial
features)
to
produce
racial
hierarchy
-French
researcher
claimed
blacks
represented
females
(never
created
anything
scientific,
had
much
sentiment)
-US
leaders
used
masculinity
to
describe
people,
Roosevelt
viewed
minorities
as
effeminate
weaklings
who
couldn’t
govern
themselves
-Latin-Americans
compared
to
half-breeds
needing
supervision,
damsels
in
distress,
children
needing
tutelage
-Reverend
Josiah
Strong
-
O u r
C o u n t r y
(1885)
celebrated
Anglo-Saxon
race
destined
to
lead
others,
Social
Darwinists
saw
Americans
as
superior
to
all
competition
-Race
thinking
popularized
in
many
institutions
(magazines,
world
fairs,
schools,
etc)
reinforced
illusion
of
American
greatness,
influenced
US
leaders’
conduct,
removed
need
to
consider
other
societies
-racism
downgraded
diplomacy,
justified
domination
(superiors
vs
inferiors)
-immigrant
entry
to
US
restricted
in
first
years,
Burlingame
Treaty
(1856)
provided
free
immigration
between
US
and
China,
riots
erupted
in
US
west
(LA,
San
Fran,
Denver,
Seattle)
-1880
treaty
allowed
Congress
to
suspend
Chinese
immigration,
1885
--
Rock
Springs,
CO
-
coal
miners,
railway
workers
massacred
25
Chinese
-1906
-
San
Francisco
School
Board
ordered
segregation
of
all
Chinese,
Korean,
and
Japanese
students
in
special
schools
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