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Summary - unit 11 Genetics and genetic engineering
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Genetics and geneticengineering
Genetics is defined as the study of genes and hereditary and about
some of the qualities like how genes are passed by transfer of DNA
from parents to the offspring. A gene is a part of DNA on which a
major function of the body takes place and has all the information
and instructions for building a major molecule.
Nucleic acid:-
Nucleic acid is the most important and major macromolecule upon
which the community of life is based. Nucleic acids are made up of
different nucleotides. The two main types of nucleotides are DNA
and RNA.
DNA and RNA are known as polymers made up of monomers
called nucleotides. The bones present between the nucleic
acids are of two types. The bond that joins the nitrogenous
base with the five-carbon sugar is known as the glycosidic
bond. On the other hand, the bond joins the phosphate group,
and the 5-carbon sugar is known as the phosphodiester bond.
These both bonds require our condensation reaction to occur.
Figure:1: nucleic acid
,Nucleotides:-
When the monomers of DNA and RNA combine, they make a long
chain of polynucleotides. A nucleotide is composed of three different
parts which are as follows,
Nitrogenous base
Five carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Figure:2: nucleotide
The five-carbon sugar molecule is in the middle of the structure with
a nitrogenous base attached to one side of the carbon and the
phosphate group attached to the other.
Nitrogenous bases:-
The nitrogenous bases which are part of the nucleotides are organic
molecules which means they are made of carbon and there is a
nitrogen ring also present in them. These nitrogenous molecules
containing carbon are cold bases because the nitrogen molecules
present in a base can have an extra hydrogen ion but this hydrogen
ion concentration in a solution is decreased by a nitrogenous base so
are named acid-base senses.
, These nitrogenous bases are off 4 pipes which are,
Adeline (A)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Inside DNA cytosine and guanine are the two bases which are known
as purines which means that they contain two carbon-nitrogen rings
that are fused. Whereas the other bases cytosine and thymine are
called pyrimidines as they have a single carbon-nitrogen ring.
Figure:3: nitrogenous bases
The RNA nucleotides also contain adenine guanine and cytosine but
instead of thymine, they contain another nitrogenous base called
uracil (U). Each nitrogenous base has its unique structure and a
different and own set of functional groups attached to the ring
structure of the base.
These nitrogenous bases are mostly referred to by their
symbols such as A C T G, but these spaces are present in DNA
whereas in RNA instead of T another base U is present.
Five-carbon sugar:-
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