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Summary: english language & literature book chapter 2 poetic study
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Summary: english language & literature book chapter 2 poetic study
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2 poetic studyLike prose, poetry can’t be neatly organized, but it’s different because poems are expressed
in fewer words and sometimes are more difficult to understand. In poetry, it’s more
acceptable to deviate from the generally observed rules, ‘poetic licence’ allows to
experiment and play around.
Poetry covers the whole range of human experience. You first establish the purpose of the
poem, then examine how the poet says what he says. Purpose can be to:
- Entertain - tell a story - console
- Describe - provoke thought - celebrate
- Arouse emotions - inform - express grief
Or a combination.
To know the message of a poem linguistic and stylistic features. Linguistic features:
- Manner: informal or formal. First thing to determine when encountering a poem.
- Tone mood and atmosphere: toneclues about how someone feels:
Playful * ironic * assertive * frivolous * gloomy
Humorous * sarcastic * cynical * calm * heavy
Melancholy * sardonic * dogmatic * serious * personal
Mocking * light-hearted * dramatic * impersonal * angry
Sad * philosophical * flat * intimate * wistful
Evaluative * clinical * sharp * solemn * religious
Moodatmosphere the poem creates. Sometimes a certain tone creates a certain
mood.
- Form and structure: form the way the poem is written/ the way lines are
organized. Stichic poetry: lines follow on continuously with no breaks
Strophic poetry: lines arranged in groups (incorrectly; verbs, correctly; stanzas).
Ways stanzas can be organized:
- Sonnet: 14 lines with a rhyme scheme and pattern. Petrarchan/Italian sonnet: 8
lines (idea of poem) and 6 lines (response), generally rhyme scheme is abbaabba
cdecde. Shakespearean/English sonnet: 3 quatrains and a couplet, rhyme scheme
generally abab cdcd efef gg. Theme/idea is developed through quatrains.
- Ballads: originally set to music. They tell a story, so it focusses more on action and
dialogue than the theme. Normally rhyming quatrains, sometimes using dialect form
or repetition.
- Odes: lyrical poems addressed to a particular person/thing/abstract idea. Often fairly
long stanzas. They are complex poems.
- Free verse: no constraints of form, structure, rhyme, or rhythm. Allows poets to use
language in whatever ways seem appropriate for their purpose and create effects.
* Doesn’t follow regular syllabic, metrical or rhyming pattern
* Tends to follow speech rhythms of language
* The line is the basic unit of rhythm
* Spaces can indicate pauses in the movement of the poem.
, Poetic devices
- Enjambment: verse runs from one line to another, sometimes taking the reader by
surprise as the meaning is not complete at the end of the line.
- End stop: grammatical break coincides with the end of the line. Often marked with a
punctuation mark. Meaning of the line is complete.
- Caesura: break/pause in a line of the verse, but can be important in influencing the
rhythm of the poem. A double vertical line: ||
- Rhythm: can help create a mood and influence the tone and atmosphere. Gives a
poem ‘movement’ and life.
-Syllable stress: natural stresses and rhythm patterns for the overall rhythmic effect.
-Empathic stress: emphasis on a particular word/part of a word for a particular
effect. Can stress a particular meaning, reinforce a point or change a meaning.
-Phrasing and punctuation: rhythm can be influenced by factors like word order,
length of phrases or the choice of punctuation marks, line and stanza breaks and use
of repetition.
- Metre: patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. Variations in the pattern could
mark changes in mood or tone, or signify change of direction in the movement.
Rhythm pattern: syllables divided in groups of two or three. Each group foot:
1 foot-manometer * 5 feet-pentameter
2 feet-dimeter * 6 feet-hexameter
3 feet-trimeter * 7 feet-heptameter
4 feet-tetrameter * 8 feet-octameter
Scansion: process of identifying metre. Stressed syllables: unstressed: and feet
divided into vertical lines: | .
Patterns:
- Lambic: unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable
- Trochaic: stressed followed by unstressed
- Dactylic: 1 stressed followed by 2 unstressed
- Anapaestic: 2 unstressed followed by 1 stressed
- Spondaic: 2 stressed
metaphorical devices
makes the language more intense, which can add layers to the meaning. Also called
linguistic devices/figurative language/ figures of speech.
The words require an intellectual and/or emotional response beyond their literal meaning
and is also called representational language and the specific features are called
representational imagery features.
Kennings= word/ phrase made up to identify an object without naming it directly.
Imagery=
Literal image= we can picture it in our minds
Simile= two things are compared using the words ‘like’ or ‘as’. Creating a non-literal,
figurative or representational image.
Metaphor= comparison that is not as direct, does not use ‘like’ or ‘as’ and often describes
the subject as the being to the thing it is compared to.
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