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Summary key psychologists for paper 1 psychology A level
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paper one key psychologists table
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Social influence:-ASCH Line study - (S) - Reliable/
P - ‘visual perception task’ scientific
- 7-9 confederates
- Unambiguous line test (L) - individual
- 18 trials on comparing lines to the standard line differences
- 12 ‘critical trials’ - confederates gave wrong answer
F - conformity = 32% (L) - lacked
- Conforming at least once = 75% mundane realism
(L) - ethical issues
1. Group size - 1C = 3% // 2C = 13% // 3C+ = 33%
2. Unanimity - conformity drops 5.5% with support
(L) - Gender +
3. Task difficulty - harder tasks more ISI
culture bias
JENNESS - Asked alone the number of beans in a jar (ambiguous)
- Given second guess after hearing the group
- ISI present, with women conforming more
ZIMBARDO Conformity to social roles - (S) - high internal
P - Stanford Uni’s mock prison validity (lab)
- 21 healthy students (10 guards/11 prisoners)
- Prisoners arrested, deloused etc. and given uniform (L) - demand
F - prisoners and guards quickly conformed characteristics (‘cool
- 2 days prisoners revolted hand luke’)
- 6 days = cancelled - fears for mental health
- Prisoners: force fed, places in the ‘hole’, shunned for non- (L) - individual diff
conformity, identified as numbers
(L) - no social
change
MILGRAM To undertones why the einsatzgruppen killed - eichmann (S) - RS = Hofling
P = 40 men (20-50 y/o) and confederate
Obedience - Student, teacher and experimenter (rigged) (L) - ethical issues
- Shocks increased 15 volts - 450 volts “severe shock” - 80% of
- Learner in pain until 315v = death (no noise) participants
- P’s who resisted = “you must go on” said they
F = - All p’s = 300 volts were pleased
- 13% stopped at 300 V to have
- 65% continued to 450 V participated
(cost-benefit)
1. Proximity
(L) - cannot
- separate room = 63%
generalise - beta
- Same room -= 40%
bias (culture +
- Placing hand on shock = 30%
gender)
2. Location
- Run down office = 47%
3. Uniform
- Normal clothes experimenter = 20%
HOFLING - 21/22 nurses obeyed phone orders by “Dr Smith” to give a lethal amount of an
unfamiliar drug
Obedience
BICKMAN Uniform and obedience
Milk man, Businessman (jacket tie), Security guard
- Confederates asks passer-by to pick up litter or pay parking metre
- Twice as likely to obey security guard
-
, ADORNO If obedience was a psychological disorder linked to personality (S) - RS = Milgram
(authoritarian personality) and Elms
P - Questions to assess authoritarian personality
- One of 9 measured was authoritarian questions - e.g., tendency (L) - lacks temporal
to reject and punish ‘different’ people “rid of immoral and feeble validity
people”
F - people who scored highly = identified with ‘strong people’ respected (L) - political bias
status hierarchy, rigid ideas
MOSCOVICI Blue slides
- groups of 4 p’s and 3 confederates = 36 blue slides of different shades in 2 conditions
- minority consistently every slide was green - 32% of P’S gave the same answer as
the minority
ROTTER Locus of control - (S) - RS - Holland
- Internal = own actions dictate their life, less concerned dof
social approval and resistant to social influence (L) - contradictory -
- External - blame events on external forces, more likely to obey Twenge
HOLLAND Replicated Milgram's study and assessed LOC
- Almost 40% with internal LOC refused to continue compared to more than 20%
TWENGE Analysed american obedience over 40 years and founds that External LOC is still the majority
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