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City Matters literature summary

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City matters literature summary, course taught at the University of Groningen.

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  • June 13, 2023
  • 15
  • 2022/2023
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City Matters (readings)
WEEK 1
The Just City (Fainstein)
Cities in the developing world, with large economic surpluses:
 <1950’s  positivism: lack of normativity in science  empirical analysis
(demographic & physical characteristics), supported an unjust status quo
 >1960’s  space consists of social relations  more focus on the spatial
disadvantages in poorer neighbourhoods (often: state programmes for
highways/urban renewal, displacing poorer communities)
 Lefebvre: the right to the city, the right to participate in the creation of the city.
 Harvey & Castells: Marxists: move to a more normative geography. Does use
justice= sense of injustice  is a motivator for social change; thus, we cannot do
without it
 1990’s: justice is used more explicitly by scholars
o Rawls
 Theory of justice
 Difference principle: policies should not only improve the
situation of those better off, when doing so is in the
advantage of the less fortunate
o Justice as bakermat for urban policies  reaction to neolibarlism; growing
inequality and exclusion
 Which had led to uneven distribution of resources by markets
 Helping the poor means distorting the market
 Efficiency= evaluation of public policy
How to pursue social justice in the city
 Communicative theory/deliberative approach (democracy= process)
o Listen to stories, different viewpoints
o Consensus (democracy), no groups interests dominate (no privileged
hierarchy)
o Critics:
 Irresolvable conflicts of interests; democracy?
 Democracy can lead to exclusionary practices
 Representatives of the poor might be co-opted or manipulated
 Planners have little independent power
 Diversity
o Critique Rawls/liberal democracy= undermines the ‘groups’; class, gender,
cultural, familial relationships (too much focus on the individual)
 Whilst liberal democracies enforce and perpetuate inequality,
dissolution of the system would not mean greater equality (as
there is still difference in race, gender, etc.)
o Diversity= strangers meeting each other and coming together

, 
However: mixed housing does not work, one prefers to live next to
someone that is familiar
 Equity (outcome)
o Measures benefiting marginalized and disadvantaged groups and
communities
Equity vs. diversity vs. democracy = tension

WEEK 2
Transformation of Urban Governance (Harvey)
- City making is both product and condition of ongoing social processes of
transformation in the most recent phase of capitalist development
- Entrepreneurialism (1970s/1980s)
o How to improve economic development?
 Grants, free loans
o Why?
 Deindustrialization, market rationality, unemployment
 Inter-urban competition; zero-sum?
 Reduction of spatial barriers (transport costs) have
increased inter-urban competition
o Capital is highly mobile, thus: increased focus on
attracting economic activity by providing firms with
advantages (tax-breaks, job markets, etc.)
o This leads to: instability & volatility for urban centres
- Conceptual issues
o Is a city an active agent in economic development?
 Spatial form of a city has effect of how consumption, exchange &
production is organized
 Institutional arrangements
 Entrepreneurialism  public-private partnerships
o Speculative in design + execution, risks are
oftentimes carried by gov.
o Oftentimes place-specific projects: indirect effects for
the urban region surrounding it
- Alternative strategies of urban governance (in entrepreneurialism)
o Exploitation of advantages for the production of goods and services
(location or resource based)
o Consumption (tourism, festivals, etc.)
o Acquiring command functions in high finance, gov., info gathering or
processing (media)
o Redistribution through central government
 Health, education, military  spin-offs
- Macro-economic implications of inter-urban competition
o From locality to a much more open and market based form of
accumulation

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