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Self-Defence Summary Sheet
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This is a detailed summary sheet for the law on Self - Defence, which includes case laws and the necessary statue
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MagistratesRole
Role Selection, appointment
A magistrate is a judicial officer who
presides over a court that deals with and training
minor or preliminary legal matters. Generally, magistrates are appointed by the
Within the criminal justice system, the government or the chief justice of a supreme court. Some
role of a magistrate is to preside over countries use a merit-based system where candidates
preliminary hearings and to make take exams and/or are evaluated based on their legal
decisions on bail and other pretrial education, experience, and personal qualifications. In
motions. Magistrates may also issue some countries, political appointments may also play a
arrest warrants, hear and rule on role in the selection process.
initial charges, and set the conditions Once appointed, magistrates undergo training to
for release of defendants prior to trial. familiarize themselves with the laws, procedures, and
ethical principles that govern their role. This training
Social, racial and gender may take the form of classroom instruction,
composition of the mentorship, or on-the-job training. The duration and
intensity of the training process varies, but the goal is
magistracy to ensure that magistrates are equipped to perform
their duties competently and impartially.
• Social Composition: Magistrates are
typically drawn from a variety of social
and economic backgrounds. However, some For
studies have suggested that the magistracy
may be disproportionately composed of 1 Independence: Magistrates are independent and
individuals from higher socio-economic impartial judges, free from outside influence.
groups. 2 Expertise: They are trained and experienced in the
• Racial Composition: In some law, ensuring fair and accurate judgements.
countries, the magistracy may not reflect 3 Accessibility: Magistrates provide a lower-cost,
the racial and ethnic diversity of the more accessible alternative to higher courts for common
population it serves. This has led to legal cases.
concerns about a lack of diversity in the 4 Community involvement: Magistrates are often
judiciary and the potential impact on fair drawn from the local community, giving them a unique
and equal treatment of defendants and understanding of local issues and concerns.
litigants.
• Gender Composition: Historically, the
magistracy has been male-dominated. Against
However, many countries have made
progress in increasing the representation of 1 Limited powers: Magistrates have limited
women in the judiciary, including in the powers and may not be able to handle more complex
magistracy. Despite this, a gender imbalance cases.
in the magistracy still persists in many 2 Bias: There may be concerns about bias if the
countries. magistrates have close ties to the community they
serve.
3 Lack of formal training: Unlike judges,
magistrates do not have formal legal training and may
lack the necessary expertise to make fair decisions.
4 Appointments: There may be concerns about the
appointment process, as magistrates are often
appointed rather than elected.
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