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Samenvatting SV Methodologie van de Sociale Wetenschappen

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Dit document bevat een samenvatting van de kennisclips en het boek voor het van Methodologie van de Sociale Wetenschappen in de afstudeerrichting Communicatiewetenschappen aan de UGent. - De kennisclips zijn samengevat/uitgeschreven t.e.m. hoofdstuk 13 - Het boek is samengevat en vermengd met de...

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  • June 15, 2023
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  • 2022/2023
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LISSA MUYLDERMANS


Samenvatting Methodologie van de Sociale Wetenschappen:
Kennisclips & Boek
2022-2023 – Universiteit Gent
Prof: Dr. Henk Roose




1 Samenvatting van Lissa Muyldermans

,Inhoudsopgave

HOOFDSTUK 1 .................................................................................................................................................. 7

Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................... 7

HOOFDSTUK 2: Bouwstenen en soorten sociaal wetenschappelijk onderzoek ............................................... 10

Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................. 10

Theorie en empirie............................................................................................................................................. 11
Theorie .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
Empirie .......................................................................................................................................................... 13

Inductie en deductie .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Deductie ........................................................................................................................................................ 14
Inductie ......................................................................................................................................................... 14

Geldigheid en betrouwbaarheid ........................................................................................................................ 15
Geldigheid ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
Betrouwbaarheid .......................................................................................................................................... 17

Soorten sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek..................................................................................................... 17
Onderverdeling naargelang toepassingsgebied: ........................................................................................... 17
Onderverdeling naargelang gebruikte methodologie: onderscheid heeft betrekking op het karakter/de
aard van het empirisch materiaal dat we analyseren. .................................................................................. 18

HOOFDSTUK 3: Filosofische achtergrond: epistemologische beginselen ........................................................ 22

Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................. 22

Bacon & Hume................................................................................................................................................... 23
Francis Bacon(1561-1626):............................................................................................................................ 23
Hume (1711-1776): ....................................................................................................................................... 23

Verificatie en falsificatie .................................................................................................................................... 24
Wiener Kreis = logisch positivisme en verificationisme ................................................................................. 24
Karl Popper (1902-1994) ............................................................................................................................... 24

Kuhn & Lakatos ................................................................................................................................................. 25
Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996) ............................................................................................................................ 25
Imre Lakatos .................................................................................................................................................. 26

Naturalisme & constructivisme ......................................................................................................................... 27
Naturalisme /positivisme .............................................................................................................................. 27
Constructivisme / interpretatieve sociale wetenschappen (zie ook boek p. 78-86) ..................................... 27
Hoe verhouden deze twee stromingen zich tov drie belangrijke wetenschapsfilosofische principes:
ontologie, epistemologie, methodologie. ..................................................................................................... 29
Kritisch realisme ............................................................................................................................................ 29

HOOFDSTUK 4: Ethiek in sociaal wetenschappelijk onderzoek ....................................................................... 32

Wetenschap en ideologie .................................................................................................................................. 32
Waardenvrije wetenschap Max Weber ........................................................................................................ 32
Verworvenheid wetenschap en ideologie ..................................................................................................... 32



2 Samenvatting van Lissa Muyldermans

, Omgaan met deelnemers .................................................................................................................................. 33
Principe 1: Vermijden van schade: ................................................................................................................ 33
Principe 2: Privacy garanderen...................................................................................................................... 33
Principe 3: Informed consent......................................................................................................................... 33

Professionele standaarden en deontologie ....................................................................................................... 34

Open science ..................................................................................................................................................... 34
Rat race ......................................................................................................................................................... 35

Samenleving en wetenschap ............................................................................................................................. 35

HOOFDSTUK 5: Onderzoek ontwerpen: strategie en doelstellingen ............................................................... 37

Inleiding: onderzoeksplan ................................................................................................................................. 37

Probleemstelling................................................................................................................................................ 38
Probleemformulering/probleemstelling ....................................................................................................... 38
Literatuurstudie: status quaestionis .............................................................................................................. 39

Vraagstelling ..................................................................................................................................................... 39

Onderzoeksopzet / het onderzoekstechnisch ontwerp ...................................................................................... 40
Plaats en situatie van de waarneming: waar?............................................................................................... 41
Tijd en periode van waarneming: wanneer en hoelang? .............................................................................. 41
Eenheden en kenmerken: wie? ..................................................................................................................... 42
Methode van waarneming: hoe? .................................................................................................................. 42
Tijdsplanning en financieel overzicht ............................................................................................................ 42

Illustratie ........................................................................................................................................................... 42

HOOFDSTUK 6: Kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve metingen ............................................................................... 45

Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................. 45

Meetproces ....................................................................................................................................................... 45

Soorten concepten............................................................................................................................................. 46

Kwantitatieve meting ........................................................................................................................................ 48
Uitgangspunt: klassieke testtheorie .............................................................................................................. 48
Kenmerken van kwantitatieve variabelen..................................................................................................... 48
Schaaltechnieken .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Operationaliseren van relaties tussen variabelen ......................................................................................... 50

Geldigheid en betrouwbaarheid ........................................................................................................................ 55
Betrouwbaarheid nagaan ............................................................................................................................. 55
Geldigheid/meetvaliditeit nagaan ................................................................................................................ 56

Kwalitatieve meting .......................................................................................................................................... 58
De kwaliteit van kwalitatieve metingen ........................................................................................................ 59

HOOFDSTUK 7: Selectie van onderzoekseenheden: steekrproeven ................................................................ 64

Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................. 64

Basisbeginselen ................................................................................................................................................. 64



3 Samenvatting van Lissa Muyldermans

, Soorten steekproeven........................................................................................................................................ 65
Logica 1: Toevalssteekproef .......................................................................................................................... 65
Logica 2: Theoretische steekproef ................................................................................................................ 66
Mixed method design ................................................................................................................................... 66

Toevalssteekproeven ......................................................................................................................................... 66

Fouten bij steekproeftrekking ........................................................................................................................... 67
Dekkingsfout/coverage error: ....................................................................................................................... 67
Steekproeffout/sampling error/toevalfluctuaties: ........................................................................................ 68
Non-responsfout: .......................................................................................................................................... 69

Steekproefdesigns ............................................................................................................................................. 70
Enkelvoudige toevalssteekproef/simple random sample ............................................................................. 70
De systematisch enkelvoudige toevalssteekproef ........................................................................................ 70
Gestratificeerde steekproef .......................................................................................................................... 71
Clustersteekproef .......................................................................................................................................... 72
Tweetrapssteekproef .................................................................................................................................... 72
Tweefasensteekproef .................................................................................................................................... 73

Steekproefgrootte ............................................................................................................................................. 73
Doorslaggevende factoren voor bepalen van een optimale steekproefomvang .......................................... 73

Kwantitatieve niet-toevalssteekproeven ........................................................................................................... 74

Theoretische steekproeven................................................................................................................................ 75
Analytische inductie ...................................................................................................................................... 75
Doelgerichte steekrpoef / purposive sample ................................................................................................ 76
Sneeuwbalsteekproef ................................................................................................................................... 76
Gelegenheidssteekproef ............................................................................................................................... 76
Adaptieve steekproef .................................................................................................................................... 76

HOOFDSTUK 8: Experimentele ontwerpen ..................................................................................................... 80

Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................................. 80

Klassiek experimenteel ontwerp........................................................................................................................ 80
Effect van stimulus ........................................................................................................................................ 81

Voormeting ....................................................................................................................................................... 82
Moeilijkheid 1: Experiment zonder voormeting ........................................................................................... 83
Moeilijkheid 2: Solomon vier-groepen ontwerp ........................................................................................... 83

Interne geldigheid ............................................................................................................................................. 83
Buitenexperimentele gebeurtenissen/history .............................................................................................. 84
Maturatie / spontane veranderingen / rijping .............................................................................................. 84
Test-effect / practice effect........................................................................................................................... 84
Instrumentatie .............................................................................................................................................. 84
Statistische regressie = regressie naar het gemiddelde ................................................................................ 84
Selectie .......................................................................................................................................................... 84
Uitval / experimentele mortaliteit ................................................................................................................ 85
Verwachtingen van de onderzoeker ............................................................................................................. 85

Externe geldigheid ............................................................................................................................................. 85



4 Samenvatting van Lissa Muyldermans

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