Criminology Unit 1 Changing Awareness of Crime ALL Completed Notes
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Changing Awareness of Crime
Institution
WJEC
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White Collar crime is non-violent crime involving deceit or concealment where the perpetrator aims to
avoid losing or gain money to obtain an advantage in terms of personal or business gain.
Types of victims:
Victims range as typically with White Collar Crime there are a vast number of different victims. They are
exploited by the offenders and in bigger scale White Collar Crimes the victims are usually wealthy people
investing in the scams.
Type of offender:
Usually, offenders have high status and are exploiting their victims for gain financially, either for their
business or for themselves.
Level of public awareness:
White Collar Crime is commonly named as “invisible,” public awareness is relatively low. This is for many
reasons. WCC is underreported because of its extreme complexity. The offenders are also usually high
status which means many are disregarded, and a lot of White-Collar Crime are de-labelled as breaches
of regulations rather than labelled as White-Collar Crime.
Criminal and/or deviant:
White Collar Crimes are both. They are criminal as all the offences that fall under White Collar Crime
break criminal law but are also deviant as they separate from societies norms as the offender’s break
societies trust and often involve betrayal and deception.
Case studies:
Bernie Madoff was part of a large-scale Ponzi Scheme, eventually stealing over 65 billion dollars from
investors at his company, Nasdaq for his own personal gain. He was eventually caught out by Harry
Markopoulos and arrested, with 150 years in prison. General examples of these are: Ponzi schemes,
fraud, embezzlement and money laundering.
Paragraph for WCC
One of the crimes in the brief, reference brief, is White Collar Crime. White Collar Crime is a non-violent
crime involving deceit or concealment where the perpetrator aims to avoid losing or gain money to
obtain an advantage in terms of personal or business financial gain. This happens in the brief, reference
brief. The typical victims of White-Collar Crimes can range a vast amount. Victims are exploited by the
offenders and in bigger scale White Collar Crimes, the victims are usually wealthy people investing in the
,scams. This is shown in the brief as the victim is, reference brief. The typical offender of a White-Collar
Crime has a high status and are exploiting their victims for financial gain, whether that be for their
business or themselves, which is shown in the brief as the offender is, reference brief. White Collar
Crime is typically deemed as an invisible crime and the public awareness of the offence is low for several
reasons. White Collar Crime is underreported because of the extreme complexity that the crime holds,
and the offenders are also of high status which means that the crimes can be discarded as the offender
is favoured in society. White Collar Crimes can also be de-labelled as breaches of regulations rather than
being labelled as a White-Collar Crime. These offences are both criminal and deviant, criminal because
the offences that fall under the bracket of White-Collar Crime break criminal law, but also deviant
because they deviate from societies norm as the offender breaks individuals trust and the crime involves
betrayal and deception. A classic example of white-collar crime is the case of Bernie Madoff who was a
part of a large-scale Ponzi Scheme, eventually stealing over 65 billion dollars from investors at his
company, Nasdaq for his own personal gain. He was eventually caught by Harry Markopoulos and
arrested with 150 years in prison. General examples of White-Collar crimes are Ponzi Schemes, Fraud,
Embezzlement and Money Laundering.
Moral Crimes *
Details of criminal offence:
Moral crimes are against the standard of morality and norms in society. They are acts that deviate from
societies moral code and are highly frowned down upon because of this. Examples of these are
prostitution, vagrancy or gambling.
Type of victim:
These crimes are usually victimless, but it differs from crime to crime. In many cases, the victim is the
same as the offender, such as cases of prostitution. In cases like gambling or other crimes, the victims
can be the offender’s family or those close to them such as friends or partners.
Type of offender:
The offenders differ from crime to crime, but it can also be the same as the victim of the crime, in cases
like prostitution. Offenders can be anyone however, either known or unknown to the victim, for
example in assisted suicide the offender would be the one doing the assistance of suicide.
Level of public awareness:
Public awareness is low in this crime as many moral crimes are either concealed, such as an individual
hiding their illegal gambling, or ignored for sympathy of the victim. They also aren’t taken as seriously,
and the victims often conceal the crime for their own personal reasons, for example in the purchasing of
drugs or clients of prostitution won’t report the offence because it will get them into legal trouble too.
Criminal and/or deviant:
This crime is both. It is deviant as the crime goes against societies normalities. However, there are many
arguments as whether some of the offences should be considered criminal, such as the argument of
,whether vagrancy should be considered a crime. But by law and no arguments, moral crime is criminal
and deviant.
Case studies:
In 2012, hundreds of Afghan women were arrested for what their country determined as moral crimes,
which were said to include running away and extra-marital sex. Some women fleeing for domestic
violence and victims of rape were also arrested. Other general examples of moral crimes are gambling,
vagrancy, assisted suicide and prostitution.
Statistics:
In 2018 over 2/5 of 11–15-year-olds had been drinking alcohol under the legal age for drinking but very
little of these cases see police eyes. It’s also estimated that in the UK 430,000 people suffering with a
gambling addiction, where many will resort to illegal gambling in a sense of desperation because of their
addiction.
Paragraph Moral Crime
One of the crimes evident in the brief is a moral crime, reference to brief. Moral crimes are against the
standard of morality and norms in society, they are acts that deviate from societies moral code and are
highly frowned down upon because of this. These crimes are usually victimless, but it differs from crime
to crime. In many cases, the victim is the same as the offender, such as cases of prostitution. In cases like
gambling or other crimes, the victims can be the offender’s family or those close to them such as friends
or partners. This applies to the brief, where the victim is, reference to brief. The typical offender of a
moral crime differs from crime to crime, but it can also be the same as the victim of the crime, in cases
like prostitution. Offenders can be anyone however, either known or unknown to the victim, for
example in assisted suicide the offender would be the one doing the assistance of suicide. The offender
in the brief follows this as, reference to the brief. Public awareness is low in this crime as many moral
crimes are either concealed, such as an individual hiding their illegal gambling, or ignored for sympathy
of the victim. They also aren’t taken as seriously, and the victims often conceal the crime for their own
personal reasons, for example in the purchasing of drugs or clients of prostitution won’t report the
offence because it will get them into legal trouble too. This crime is classed as both criminal and deviant.
It is deviant as the crime goes against societies normalities. However, there are many arguments as
whether some of the offences should be considered criminal, such as the argument of whether vagrancy
should be considered a crime. But by law and no arguments, moral crime is criminal and deviant. A case
study of a moral crime is 2012, where hundreds of Afghan women were arrested for what their country
determined as moral crimes, which were said to include running away and extra-marital sex. Some
women fleeing for domestic violence and victims of rape were also arrested. A few other general
examples of moral crimes are gambling, vagrancy, assisted suicide and prostitution. In 2018 over 2/5 of
11 to 15-year-olds had been drinking alcohol under the legal age for drinking but very little of these
cases see police eyes. It’s also estimated that in the UK 430,000 people suffering with a gambling
addiction, where many will resort to illegal gambling in a sense of desperation because of their
addiction.
, State Crimes
Details of criminal offence:
State crimes are perpetrated by state institutions, such as the government.
Type of victim:
The victims are usually the citizens of the country or religious groups in that country. They can also be
citizens of another country than the offender, that the offender has targeted.
Type of offender:
Offenders are usually high-ranking officials of the government. These can be the actual government, or
even lower ranks such as police when they commit acts of brutality using their power to their
advantage.
Level of public awareness:
The scale of state crimes is so large that it is difficult for the public to not be aware. A lot of media gives
full coverage of the crime too, such as the Ukrainian-Russian conflict. However, powerful states can
conceal their crimes in clever ways, such as passing laws to justify their actions.
Criminal and/or deviant:
All State crimes are deviant as they involve betraying and violating a country. Whether state crimes are
defined as criminal are down to the individual state. As mentioned in public awareness, powerful states
pass laws to legalise their crimes. However, worldwide, the offences are considered criminal as they
violate human rights, but individual states vary in their rules.
Case studies:
Nazi Germany committed one of the most famous state crimes in the early forties with the Jewish
Holocaust, where millions of Jews were slaughtered under Adolf Hitler’s command, who never received
official punishment for his crimes because of his death.
Paragraph for State Crimes
One of the crimes that is clear in the brief is a state crime, a crime that is perpetrated by a state
institution, such as the government, which is evident through the brief, reference to brief. The typical
victim of a state crime is usually the citizens of the country or religious groups in that country. They can
also be citizens of another country than the offender, that the offender has targeted. This is evident
through the brief as the victim is, reference to brief. The typical offender of a state crime are usually
high-ranking officials of the government. These can be the actual government, or even lower ranks such
as police when they commit acts of brutality using their power to their advantage. This is applicable in
the brief as the offender is, reference to the brief. Public awareness of state crimes is high as the scale
of state crimes is so large that it is difficult for the public to not be aware. A lot of media gives full
coverage of the crime too, such as the Ukrainian-Russian conflict. However, powerful states can conceal
their crimes in clever ways, such as passing laws to justify their actions. All State crimes are deviant as
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