A summary including all of the topics covered in grade 10. Which includes: mitosis, diffusion and osmosis, cancer, the chemistry of life, vitamins, muscles, different cells, connective tissue, bone, photosynthesis, ecosystems, relationships and MORE
Mitosis
Functions Cell cycle
1. Growth
1. Interphase the cell grows to full size and new
2. Repair of damaged organs organelles and cytoplasm are made. If a cell is going
3. Asexual reproduction (plants) to divide the DNA replicates during interphase.
2. Mitosis
A. Karyokinesis — splitting of nucleus (replicated)
B. Cytokinesis — splitting of cytoplasm
Stages
1. Interphase
• DNA replicates
• Centrioles duplicate (animal cells only)
2. Karyokinesis
Splitting of the nucleus.
Stages: prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
,Prophase
• Chromosomes shorten and thicken.
• Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disintegrate.
• Chromosomes separate into two (sister) chromatids joined at
centromere.
• Centrioles move to opposite poles (animal cells).
• Spindle fibres form
• Chromosomes move towards equator.
Metaphase
• Chromosomes lie on equator.
• Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fibre.
Anaphase
• Centromeres split.
• Spindle fibres attached to centromeres shorten, pulling daughter
chromosomes to opposite poles.
• Spindle fibres not attached to centromeres lengthen, elongating the
cell.
• Chromosomes break at centromeres, and sister chromotids move to
opposite poles
Telophase
• Daughter chromosomes regroup at poles.
• Chromosomes uncoil – lengthen.
• Nucleolus and nuclear membrane reform.
• Spindle disintegrates.
endof karyokinesis
,Cytokinesis
• Splitting of cytoplasm
• Normally begins while cell is in telophase.
• Cleavage furrow forms as cell membrane pinches inwards (in
animal cell only).
• Two daughter cells formed.
Result
• Two daughter cells.
• Genetically identical to each other.
• Genetically identical to parent cell.
Differences in plant cell mitosis
Plant cells do not have centrioles to aid in spindle formation.
Cytokinesis
• Vesicles are laid down on equator and coalesce forming a cell plate of pectin.
• Cellulose is laid down on either side of cell plate.
• The cell plate then forms the middle lamella.
• The cell has been split into two.
, Cell membrane
• Found in both plant and animal cells
• Surrounds and therefore ‘contains’ cell contents
• Double layer of phospholipids and proteins
• Selectively permeable –determines what enters and leaves the cell
The basic structure of the fluid mosaic model
Transport across cell membrane
of
Passive Transport Characteristics Types of passive transport
• No energy required 1. Diffusion
• Move due to gradient differences in concentration 2. Facilitated diffusion
3. Osmosis
• Move to equalise gradient
•Movement from a region of high towards a region of low
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