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Samenvatting - Gedrag en maatschappij (1108TEWVSG)
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Volledige samenvatting van Gedrag en maatschappij - TEW/HI/HIB semester 2
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,InhoudsopgaveHOORCOLLEGE 1: GEDRAG 25 FEBRUARI 2022................................................................................................................... 7
1.INLEIDING ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.HET VAK GEDRAG EN MAATSCHAPPIJ ............................................................................................................................................ 7
3.HOMO SAPIENS: EEN BIJZONDER PARADOX ................................................................................................................................... 8
4.WIE IS DE HOMO SAPIENS? .......................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.GESCHIEDENIS .............................................................................................................................................................................. 8
5.1 Gedragswetenschappen zijn een huwelijk tussen rationalisme en empirie ..................................................................... 8
5.2 Oorsprong gedragswetenschappen: interessen voor bewustzijn ..................................................................................... 8
5.3 Conflict leidt tot waaier van wetenschappelijke benadering ............................................................................................ 9
5.4 9
6.WAAROM GEDRAGSWETENSCHAPPEN VOOR ECONOMEN? ........................................................................................................... 9
6.1 9
6.2 Gedrag en bedrijfskunde .................................................................................................................................................... 10
6.3 Een goede theorie is domein-overschrijdend en beidt toepassingsmogelijkheden in diverse uiteenlopende gebieden 10
WERKCOLLEGE 2: DE BIOLOGISCHE BASIS VAN HET GEDRAG 4 MAART 2022 ......................................................................... 11
1.GESCHIEDENIS VAN HET LEVEN OP AARDE ..................................................................................................................................... 11
2.GEDRAG........................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
3.HET BREIN (EVOLUTIE) ................................................................................................................................................................. 11
4.WERKING VAN HET ZENUWSTELSEL ............................................................................................................................................. 12
4.1. Neuron of cel ...................................................................................................................................................................... 12
4.2. De werking ......................................................................................................................................................................... 12
4.3. Hoe snel is een zenuwimplus? .......................................................................................................................................... 13
4.4. Organisatie van het zenuwstelsel .................................................................................................................................... 13
5.NEUROTRANSMITTERS ................................................................................................................................................................. 13
5.1. Dopamine ........................................................................................................................................................................... 14
6.HET BREIN ................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
HOORCOLLEGE 2: DE BIOLOGISCHE BASIS VAN HET GEDRAG 4 MAART 2022 ........................................................................ 16
1.DOELSTELLINGEN......................................................................................................................................................................... 16
2.NATURE VERSUS NURTURE........................................................................................................................................................... 16
3.GEDRAGSGENETICA EN HERITABILITEIT........................................................................................................................................ 16
3.1 Gedrag = f(genen, omgeving en gen*omgeving) ............................................................................................................... 17
4.EPIGENETICA ............................................................................................................................................................................... 17
4.1 Wat is epigenetica? ............................................................................................................................................................ 17
4.2 Hoe werkt epigenetica ....................................................................................................................................................... 17
4.3 Epigenetica is overal .......................................................................................................................................................... 18
4.4 Genetica en de verantwoordelijkheid voor de diversiteit ................................................................................................. 18
5.EVOLUTIE .................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
5.1 Evolutie via natuurlijke selectie ......................................................................................................................................... 18
5.2 Evolutie via verwantschapselectie ..................................................................................................................................... 19
5.3 Evolutie via seksuele selectie ............................................................................................................................................. 19
5.4 Evolutie via culturele groepsselectie ................................................................................................................................. 19
6.DE SOCIALE HERSENEN HYPOTHEKE ........................................................................................................................................... 20
6.1 Evidentie dat het leven in grotere groepen heeft bijgedragen tot de evolutie van intelligentie .................................... 20
6.2 Algemeen besluit ................................................................................................................................................................ 21
WERKCOLLEGE 3: NEURO-ECONOMIE 11 MAART 2022 ...................................................................................................... 22
1.STUDIE VAN DE HERSENEN: ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN ................................................................................................................. 22
1.1 lestsels en laesies .................................................................................................................................................................22
1.2 Elektronische en magnetische stimulatie .........................................................................................................................22
1.3 22
PAGINA 1
, 1.4 Beeldstudies ........................................................................................................................................................................22
2.NEURO-ECONOMIE..................................................................................................................................................................... 22
3.AGENDA: HOE NEMEN MENSEN BESLISSINGEN? ............................................................................................................................23
3.1 Kiezen tussen verschillende productie............................................................................................................................... 23
3.2 Sociale uitwisselingen ........................................................................................................................................................ 23
3.3 Tijd verdisconteren ............................................................................................................................................................ 24
4.KRITIEK OP DE NEURO-ECONOMIE ............................................................................................................................................. 24
5.TOEKOMST VAN DE NEURO-ECONOMIE ...................................................................................................................................... 25
5.1 Verleden ...............................................................................................................................................................................25
HOORCOLLEGE 3: BEWUSTZIJN 11 MAART 2022................................................................................................................ 26
1.WAT IS BEWUSTZIJN? .................................................................................................................................................................. 26
2.TOEPASSINGEN VAN BEWUSTZIJN ............................................................................................................................................... 26
2.1 Slapen ................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
2.2 Meditatie ............................................................................................................................................................................ 26
2.3 Hypnose ..............................................................................................................................................................................27
3.PSYCHOLOGISCHE EIGENSCHAPPEN GEKOPPELD AAN HET BEWUSTZIJN ...................................................................................... 27
4.BEWUST BESEF IMPLICEERT GEEN BEWUSTE WIL ......................................................................................................................... 30
5.SENSATIE EN PERCEPTIE .............................................................................................................................................................. 30
5.1 Begrippen sensatie en perceptie ........................................................................................................................................ 30
5.2 Sensatie en perseptie zijn losgekoppelde processen ........................................................................................................ 30
6.BEWUST ZIEN EN BEWUST WAARNEMEN ..................................................................................................................................... 30
6.1 Bewuste perceptie ............................................................................................................................................................... 31
7.PERCEPTUELE CONSTANTIEWET .................................................................................................................................................. 31
8.IS BEWUSTZIJN CONTORLEERBAAR? ............................................................................................................................................. 31
WERKCOLLEGE 4 : IS HET BEWUSTZIJN STUREND? 18 MAART 2022...................................................................................... 33
1.AANWIJZINGEN VOOR BEPERKTE BEWUSTE CONTROLE ................................................................................................................. 33
1.1 Illusionaire sensaties ........................................................................................................................................................... 33
1.1.1 Eerste aanwijzing van bewuste controle .......................................................................................................................... 33
1.2 Automatismen .................................................................................................................................................................... 33
1.3 Veranderingsblindheid ....................................................................................................................................................... 33
1.4 Bewustzijn vraagt tijd ........................................................................................................................................................ 33
1.5 Hersenlateralisatie ............................................................................................................................................................ 34
2.IS HET BEWUSTZIJN STUREND? .................................................................................................................................................... 36
3.ONS INFORMATIEVERWERKINGSSYSTEEM IS EEN ‘DUBBEL RESPONSE’ SYSTEEM ........................................................................... 36
4.IS ER VRIJE WIL?.......................................................................................................................................................................... 36
HOORCOLLEGE 4: EMOTIES 18 MAART 2022.................................................................................................................... 37
1.HISTORISCH OVERZICHT ..............................................................................................................................................................37
1.1 Charels Darwin ....................................................................................................................................................................37
1.2 William James .....................................................................................................................................................................37
1.3 Walter Cannon ...................................................................................................................................................................37
1.4 38
1.5 38
2.TRANSFER VAN EXCITATIE........................................................................................................................................................... 38
2.1 Schachter & singer 1974 .................................................................................................................................................... 38
2.2 Aaron & Dutton 1974 ........................................................................................................................................................ 39
3.EIGENSCHAPPEN VAN EMOTIES ................................................................................................................................................... 39
3.1 Reactie op iets uitzonderlijks ............................................................................................................................................ 39
3.2 Emoties zijn expressief ...................................................................................................................................................... 39
3.3 Emoties veroorzaken opwinding ...................................................................................................................................... 40
3.4 Emoties zijn gekoppeld aan conginitieve waardering..................................................................................................... 40
3.5 Emoties zijn actiegericht ................................................................................................................................................... 41
4.DE FUNCTIONELE BENADERING VAN EMOTIES ............................................................................................................................ 42
PAGINA 2
, 4.1 Door hun actiegerichthied verhogen emoties de overlevingskansen ............................................................................. 42
4.2 Emoties zijn informatief ................................................................................................................................................... 42
5.EMOTIES EN SOCIALE RELARIES ................................................................................................................................................... 43
5.1 Emoties als adaptaties om samenwerking in groep te bevorderen ................................................................................. 43
WERKCOLLEGE 5: GEHEUGENTEST 25 MAART 2022 .......................................................................................................... 45
1.SERIËLE POSITIECURVE ................................................................................................................................................................ 45
1.1 Verklaring voor het seriële positie effect ........................................................................................................................... 45
1.2 Traditioneel Model van het geheugen (volgend Atkinson &s) ........................................................................................ 45
2.GEHEUGEN ................................................................................................................................................................................. 45
2.1 Korte termijn geheugen (KT) ............................................................................................................................................ 45
2.2 Lange termijn geheugen (LT) ........................................................................................................................................... 45
2.3 Werkgeheugen model ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
2.4 Werkgeheugen en executieve functies ............................................................................................................................. 46
2.5 Informatie opslaan (KT LT) .......................................................................................................................................... 46
3.EBBINGHAUS VERGEET-CRUVE .................................................................................................................................................... 47
4.DE 7 ZONDEN VAN HET GEHEUGEN ............................................................................................................................................ 47
4.1 Adaptieve redenen voor de zonden van het geheugen ..................................................................................................... 47
HOORCOLLEGE 5: COGNITIE 25 MAART 2022 .................................................................................................................. 48
1.BEGRIPPEN .................................................................................................................................................................................. 48
2.INFORMATIE ............................................................................................................................................................................... 48
2.1 Informatie verwerken ........................................................................................................................................................ 48
2.2 Dubbele informatieverwerking ......................................................................................................................................... 48
3.RATIONALITEIT........................................................................................................................................................................... 49
3.1 Rationaliteit en het keuzegedrag van mensen ................................................................................................................. 49
3.2 Affectheuristiek ................................................................................................................................................................. 50
3.3 Beschikbaarheidsheuristiek .............................................................................................................................................. 50
3.4 Representativiteitsheuristiek ........................................................................................................................................... 50
3.5 Beslissingskaders................................................................................................................................................................ 51
3.6 Beperkte rationaliteit ......................................................................................................................................................... 51
3.7 Fast and frugal heuristics .................................................................................................................................................. 51
4.INTELLIGENTIE (NIET ENKEL VOOR MENSEN ................................................................................................................ 52
4.1 Intelligentiedefiniëren vs meten ........................................................................................................................................52
4.2 Intelligentie opvatting van Cattell: ...................................................................................................................................52
4.3Spearman’s “G” factor .........................................................................................................................................................53
4.4 Psychometrische versus cognitieve theorieën van intelligentie ......................................................................................53
4.5 Gardner’s meervoudige intelligentietheorie .....................................................................................................................53
5.PROBLEEMOPLOSSEND DENKEN...................................................................................................................................................53
WERKCOLLEGE 6: LEERPROCESSEN 1 APRIL 2022 ............................................................................................................. 55
1.WAAROM LEREN? ........................................................................................................................................................................55
2.SOORTEN LEERPROCESSEN...........................................................................................................................................................55
2.1 Klassieke conditionering ....................................................................................................................................................55
2.2Appetitieve conditionering .................................................................................................................................................55
2.3Aversieve conditionering ................................................................................................................................................... 56
2.4Operante conditionering (instrumenteel leren) .............................................................................................................. 56
2.5Vergelijking aversieve versus appetitieve conditionering ................................................................................................ 56
2.6Klassieke en operante conditionering (instrumenteel leren) ...........................................................................................57
3.BEKREACHTIGING SCHEMA’S ....................................................................................................................................................... 58
4.STRAFFEN EN BELONEN............................................................................................................................................................... 58
4.1Negatieve effecten van straf ............................................................................................................................................... 58
5.KRITIEK OP CONDITIONERINGSPROCESSEN ................................................................................................................................. 59
5.1Tolman’s cognitieve kaarten .............................................................................................................................................. 59
6.PROCESSEN IN HET OBSERVEREND (SOCIAAL) LEREN .................................................................................................................. 59
PAGINA 3
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