Summary
Samenvatting Bedrijfseconomie
- Course
- Institution
- Book
Samenvatting op basis van boek 'Oikonomia – Inzicht in Economie': alle hoofdstukken, behalve 7 (was niet te kennen) Vak gegeven door Prof. Bruno Merlevede
[Show more]
Connected book
Book Title:
Author(s):
- Edition:
- ISBN:
- Edition:
Seller
Followbovanhecke
Reviews received
Content preview
ECONOMIE0. INLEDING ................................................................................................................................... 1
0.1. ECONOMIE? ....................................................................................................................................... 1
0.2. ECONOMIE OP LANGERE TERMIJN ............................................................................................................ 2
0.2.1. Welvaartsevolutie ...................................................................................................................... 2
0.2.2. Levensverwachting ..................................................................................................................... 3
1. WELVAART EN MARKTEVENWICHT................................................................................................. 4
1.1. GOED, MAAR NIET GOED GENOEG............................................................................................................ 4
1.1.1. Werkveld van een (bedrijfs)econoom .......................................................................................... 4
1.2. WELVAART: EEN INTERDISCIPLINAIRE ZOEKTOCHT ........................................................................................ 4
1.3. WELVAART UIT MARKTTRANSACTIES ..........................................................................................................5
1.3.1. Aanbodsurplus en aanbodtekort ................................................................................................. 6
1.4. VRAAG, AANBOD EN MARKTEVENWICHT .................................................................................................... 6
1.5. ZELFREGULERENDE MARKTEN ................................................................................................................. 6
1.5.1. BOX 1.3: prijsinterventie door de overheid ................................................................................... 7
1.6. WINNAARS EN VERLIEZERS ...................................................................................................................... 7
1.7. DE DYNAMIEK VAN CONCURRENTIE OP DE MARKT ......................................................................................... 7
1.8. OVER OUDE EN NIEUWE MARKTEN ........................................................................................................... 8
1.9. DE VRIJE MARKT IS GEMAAKT/ “LAISSEZ-FAIRE WAS PLANNED” ........................................................................ 8
1.9.1. BOX 1.7: het plannen van de markt in China ................................................................................ 8
2. BEHOEFTEN, BEGEERTEN, MODELLEN EN BEELDEN .......................................................................... 9
2.1. SCHAARSTE IN TIJDEN VAN OVERVLOED ..................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1. Schaarste ................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2. BEGEERTEN ....................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1. BOX 2.3: de ratrace van relatieve consumptie............................................................................ 10
2.3. OPPORTUNITEITSKOSTEN EN DE MARGINALE ANALYSE .................................................................................. 10
2.4. HET GEBRUIK VAN MODELLEN EN HYPOTHESEN........................................................................................... 10
2.5. HET MODEL VAN DE ECONOMISCHE KRINGLOOP ......................................................................................... 11
2.6. DE EMBEDDED ECONOMY ..................................................................................................................... 12
3. DE ECONOMISCHE SCHOLEN ....................................................................................................... 13
3.1. DE KLASSIEKE SCHOOL ......................................................................................................................... 13
3.1.1. Jean-Baptiste Say ......................................................................................................................13
3.1.2. David Ricardo............................................................................................................................13
3.2. DE NEOKLASSIEKE SCHOOL .................................................................................................................... 14
3.2.1. Arthur Pigou ............................................................................................................................ 14
3.2.2. George Akerlof ......................................................................................................................... 14
3.3. DE MARXISTISCHE SCHOOL ................................................................................................................... 14
3.4. DE OOSTENRIJKSE SCHOOL ................................................................................................................... 15
3.4.1. Friedrich Hayek ........................................................................................................................ 15
3.4.2. Joseph Schumpeter .................................................................................................................. 15
3.5. DE KEYNESIAANSE SCHOOL ................................................................................................................... 16
3.6. DE INSTITUTIONELE SCHOOL .................................................................................................................. 16
3.7. DE GEDRAGSECONOMISCHE SCHOOL ....................................................................................................... 17
3.7.1. Herbert Simon ........................................................................................................................... 17
3.8. DE SCHOOL VAN HET GELUK .................................................................................................................. 17
3.8.1. Zelfmoordcijfers ........................................................................................................................ 17
3.8.2. Relatieve positie ....................................................................................................................... 18
3.9. DE PRAKTIJKSCHOOL VAN ECONOMISCHE ONTWIKKELING .............................................................................. 18
3.9.1. Alexander Hamilton.................................................................................................................. 18
3.9.2. Zuid-Amerika en Afrika ............................................................................................................. 18
3.10. DE NEOLIBERALE IDEOLOGIE .................................................................................................................. 19
3.10.1. Milton Friedman .................................................................................................................. 19
3.11. DIVERSITEIT IN HET ECONOMISCHE DENKEN ............................................................................................... 19
1
,4. BBP EN HET GEWICHT VAN DE OVERHEID ..................................................................................... 20
4.1. BBP, NBP, BNP .............................................................................................................................. 20
4.2. TOEGEVOEGDE WAARDE ..................................................................................................................... 20
4.3. HET BBP VAN BELGIË ........................................................................................................................ 20
4.3.1. Nominaal BBP vs. Reëel BBP ..................................................................................................... 20
4.4. BEPERKINGEN VAN HET BBP ALS ECONOMISCHE MAATSTAF ........................................................................... 21
4.5. HOE ZWAAR WEEGT DE OVERHEID?......................................................................................................... 21
4.5.1. Verdeling van het BBP van België over sectoren ......................................................................... 21
4.5.2. Toegevoegde waarde overheid ................................................................................................. 22
4.5.3. Ontvangsten en uitgaven van de overheid ................................................................................. 22
4.6. HERVERDELEN EN STIMULEREN .............................................................................................................. 23
4.7. BELASTINGEN EN WELVAART ................................................................................................................. 23
4.7.1. Belasting(ontvangsten) en welvaart .......................................................................................... 23
4.8. DE PUBLIEKE SCHULD ..........................................................................................................................25
4.9. EFFICIËNTIE VAN DE OVERHEID ............................................................................................................... 25
5. GROEI EN ONGELIJKHEID ............................................................................................................ 26
5.1. GROEI OP LANGE TERMIJN: DE GOLVEN VAN KONDRATIEFF ........................................................................... 26
5.2. GROEI = TOENAME ECONOMISCHE TRANSACTIES ....................................................................................... 26
5.3. VARIABELE GROEI OP KORTE TERMIJN ..................................................................................................... 26
5.4. HOE VERKLAREN WE GROEI OP MIDDELLANGE TERMIJN? ............................................................................... 27
5.4.1. Bevolking ..................................................................................................................................27
5.4.2. Productiviteit ............................................................................................................................27
5.4.3. Arbeidsparticipatie ....................................................................................................................27
5.4.4. Vergelijking VS met Europa ....................................................................................................... 28
5.4.5. Een gemengd beeld .................................................................................................................. 28
5.5. DE IMPACT VAN GROEI OP DE ONGELIJKHEID ............................................................................................. 28
5.5.1. Armer dan je ouders? ............................................................................................................... 28
5.5.2. De olifantengrafiek van Milanovic ............................................................................................. 29
5.5.3. ‘Kapitaal in de 21ste eeuw’ van Thomas Piketty .......................................................................... 29
5.6. ONGELIJKHEID IN BELGIË ..................................................................................................................... 29
5.6.1. Meting van ongelijkheid ........................................................................................................... 29
5.6.2. Beperkingen analyses op basis van fiscale gegevens .................................................................. 30
5.6.3. Meting van armoede ................................................................................................................ 30
5.7. PERSPECTIEVEN OVER ONGELIJKHEID ....................................................................................................... 31
5.7.1. Harry Frankfurt .........................................................................................................................31
5.7.2. Maatregelen van de overheid ....................................................................................................31
6. CONJUNCTUUR EN MACRO-ECONOMISCH BELEID .......................................................................... 32
6.1. WAT IS GELD EN WAAROM GEBRUIKEN WE GELD? ....................................................................................... 32
6.1.1. Een kleine geschiedenis van geld ............................................................................................... 32
6.1.2. Een kleine geschiedenis van banken .......................................................................................... 32
6.2. GELDCREATIE .................................................................................................................................... 33
6.2.1. Geldaanbod en meervoudige depositocreatie .............................................................................33
6.3. DE WAARDE VAN GELD ........................................................................................................................ 34
6.4. INFLATIE .......................................................................................................................................... 34
6.4.1. Deflatie .................................................................................................................................... 34
6.4.2. BOX 6.5: de deflator van het BBP .............................................................................................. 35
6.5. ECONOMISCHE FLUCTUATIES OP KORTE TERMIJN......................................................................................... 35
6.6. VRAAG EN AANBOD VANUIT MACRO-ECONOMISCH PERSPECTIEF ..................................................................... 35
6.6.1. Economische activiteit op lange termijn .................................................................................... 36
6.6.2. ‘Kosten’ van inflatie ................................................................................................................... 37
6.6.3. Rol van ECB ............................................................................................................................... 37
6.6.4. BOX 6.7: monetair beleid in de praktijk....................................................................................... 37
6.6.5. Economische activiteit op korte termijn ..................................................................................... 38
6.7. MACRO-ECONOMISCH BELEID OP KORTE TERMIJN ....................................................................................... 38
2
, 6.7.1. Monetair beleid........................................................................................................................ 38
6.7.2. Budgettair beleid...................................................................................................................... 38
6.7.3. Actief stabilisatiebeleid: Keynesianen vs. Klassieken ................................................................... 39
7. –............................................................................................................................................. 40
8. BEDRIJVEN ............................................................................................................................... 40
8.1. ONDERNEMING: VAN PROJECT NAAR JURIDISCHE REALITEIT ........................................................................... 40
8.2. ONDERNEMINGEN VANDAAG................................................................................................................ 40
8.2.1. KMO’s...................................................................................................................................... 41
8.3. WAAROM ZIJN ER ONDERNEMINGEN? ..................................................................................................... 41
8.3.1. BOX 8.1: het Coase-theorema ................................................................................................... 41
8.3.2. Make or buy? ........................................................................................................................... 41
8.4. EIGENAARS, MANAGERS EN WERKNEMERS ............................................................................................... 42
8.4.1. Principal-agent probleem ......................................................................................................... 42
8.5. EEN BLIK OP ONDERNEMINGEN IN EUROPA............................................................................................... 42
8.5.1. Bedrijfsdynamiek...................................................................................................................... 42
8.5.2. Overlevingskans ....................................................................................................................... 43
8.5.3. Verdeling van bedrijven ............................................................................................................ 43
8.6. OPBRENGSTEN, KOSTEN EN WINST .......................................................................................................... 43
8.6.1. Kosten ..................................................................................................................................... 43
8.6.2. Opbrengsten ............................................................................................................................ 44
8.6.3. Winst ....................................................................................................................................... 44
8.7. MODELLEREN VAN OPBRENGSTEN, KOSTEN EN WINST ..................................................................................45
9. MARKTEN ................................................................................................................................ 46
9.1. MARKTMACHT ................................................................................................................................. 46
9.2. MARKTVORMEN: EEN OVERZICHT .......................................................................................................... 46
9.3. PERFECTE CONCURRENTIE ................................................................................................................... 46
9.3.1. Het gedrag van de individuele producent en het marktaanbod................................................... 46
9.3.2. BOX 9.2: Waarom werken vele restaurants met relatief weinig klanten? .....................................47
9.3.3. Marktresultaat en marktdynamiek.............................................................................................47
9.3.4. Is perfecte concurrentie efficiënt? ............................................................................................. 48
9.4. MONOPOLIE .................................................................................................................................... 48
9.4.1. Waarom ontstaan monopolies? ................................................................................................ 48
9.4.2. Het gedrag van de monopolist .................................................................................................. 49
9.4.3. BOX 9.3: de marginale opbrengst van de monopolist ................................................................. 49
9.4.4. Monopolie en welvaart ............................................................................................................. 49
9.5. MONOPOLISTISCHE CONCURRENTIE ........................................................................................................50
9.5.1. Het gedrag van de monopolistisch competitieve producent........................................................ 50
9.5.2. Welvaart onder monopolistische concurrentie ........................................................................... 51
9.6. STRATEGISCHE INTERACTIE TUSSEN BEDRIJVEN: OLIGOPOLIE ........................................................................... 51
9.6.1. Nash-evenwicht ....................................................................................................................... 51
9.6.2. Samenwerkende oligopolie ....................................................................................................... 52
9.7. MARKTMACHT EN PRIJSDISCRIMINATIE ..................................................................................................... 52
9.8. DAAROM ZIJN WE BEZORGD OVER CONCURRENTIE! ..................................................................................... 53
9.8.1. Mededingingsbeleid ................................................................................................................. 53
10. GLOBALISERING .................................................................................................................... 54
10.1. HANDEL = SAMENWERKING ..................................................................................................................54
10.2. GLOBALISERING GEMETEN ....................................................................................................................54
10.2.1. Fases van globalisering ........................................................................................................ 54
10.3. HOE VERKLAREN WE HANDELSSTROMEN? ................................................................................................. 55
10.3.1. David Ricardo ...................................................................................................................... 55
10.3.2. Eli Heckscher en Bertil Ohlin ................................................................................................. 55
10.3.3. Paul Krugman ...................................................................................................................... 55
10.4. WELVAART DOOR HANDEL .................................................................................................................... 55
3
, 10.5. HANDELSBELEMMERINGEN EN HANDELSINTEGRATIE ....................................................................................56
10.6. HANDELSINTEGRATIE........................................................................................................................... 57
10.7. DE EUROPESE UNIE ............................................................................................................................ 57
10.8. DE CHINA-SCHOK ...............................................................................................................................58
10.8.1. Effecten van de China-schok volgens academisch onderzoek ................................................. 58
10.9. GLOBALISERING 2.0............................................................................................................................58
11. EXTERNE EFFECTEN EN DUURZAME ONTWIKKELING ................................................................... 60
11.1. MOET ONZE ECONOMIE BLIJVEN GROEIEN? .............................................................................................. 60
11.1.1. Globaal perspectief .............................................................................................................. 60
11.1.2. Ecologische kostprijs ............................................................................................................ 60
11.1.3. Ecologische voetafdruk ........................................................................................................ 61
11.2. NIEMAND IN DE COCKPIT VAN DE GLOBALE ECONOMIE? ................................................................................ 61
11.3. RIJKE PATIËNT ZOEKT LIFESTYLECOACH .................................................................................................... 62
11.4. MARKTFALEN EN BELEID ..................................................................................................................... 62
11.4.1. Het internationale klimaatbeleid .......................................................................................... 63
11.4.2. Conventionele luchtvervuiling ............................................................................................... 63
11.4.3. De Porter-hypothese ............................................................................................................ 63
11.5. DE PIGOUVIAANSE INTERNALISATIE ........................................................................................................ 64
11.5.1. Negatieve externe effecten .................................................................................................. 64
11.5.2. Dynamische effecten............................................................................................................ 65
11.5.3. BOX 11.5: het Europese systeem van verhandelbare emissierechte ........................................ 65
11.5.4. Economic policymaking ........................................................................................................ 65
4
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller bovanhecke. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.64. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
71184 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now