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Samenvatting Bedrijfseconomie
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Samenvatting op basis van boek 'Oikonomia – Inzicht in Economie': alle hoofdstukken, behalve 7 (was niet te kennen) Vak gegeven door Prof. Bruno Merlevede
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ECONOMIE0. INLEDING ................................................................................................................................... 1
0.1. ECONOMIE? ....................................................................................................................................... 1
0.2. ECONOMIE OP LANGERE TERMIJN ............................................................................................................ 2
0.2.1. Welvaartsevolutie ...................................................................................................................... 2
0.2.2. Levensverwachting ..................................................................................................................... 3
1. WELVAART EN MARKTEVENWICHT................................................................................................. 4
1.1. GOED, MAAR NIET GOED GENOEG............................................................................................................ 4
1.1.1. Werkveld van een (bedrijfs)econoom .......................................................................................... 4
1.2. WELVAART: EEN INTERDISCIPLINAIRE ZOEKTOCHT ........................................................................................ 4
1.3. WELVAART UIT MARKTTRANSACTIES ..........................................................................................................5
1.3.1. Aanbodsurplus en aanbodtekort ................................................................................................. 6
1.4. VRAAG, AANBOD EN MARKTEVENWICHT .................................................................................................... 6
1.5. ZELFREGULERENDE MARKTEN ................................................................................................................. 6
1.5.1. BOX 1.3: prijsinterventie door de overheid ................................................................................... 7
1.6. WINNAARS EN VERLIEZERS ...................................................................................................................... 7
1.7. DE DYNAMIEK VAN CONCURRENTIE OP DE MARKT ......................................................................................... 7
1.8. OVER OUDE EN NIEUWE MARKTEN ........................................................................................................... 8
1.9. DE VRIJE MARKT IS GEMAAKT/ “LAISSEZ-FAIRE WAS PLANNED” ........................................................................ 8
1.9.1. BOX 1.7: het plannen van de markt in China ................................................................................ 8
2. BEHOEFTEN, BEGEERTEN, MODELLEN EN BEELDEN .......................................................................... 9
2.1. SCHAARSTE IN TIJDEN VAN OVERVLOED ..................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1. Schaarste ................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2. BEGEERTEN ....................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1. BOX 2.3: de ratrace van relatieve consumptie............................................................................ 10
2.3. OPPORTUNITEITSKOSTEN EN DE MARGINALE ANALYSE .................................................................................. 10
2.4. HET GEBRUIK VAN MODELLEN EN HYPOTHESEN........................................................................................... 10
2.5. HET MODEL VAN DE ECONOMISCHE KRINGLOOP ......................................................................................... 11
2.6. DE EMBEDDED ECONOMY ..................................................................................................................... 12
3. DE ECONOMISCHE SCHOLEN ....................................................................................................... 13
3.1. DE KLASSIEKE SCHOOL ......................................................................................................................... 13
3.1.1. Jean-Baptiste Say ......................................................................................................................13
3.1.2. David Ricardo............................................................................................................................13
3.2. DE NEOKLASSIEKE SCHOOL .................................................................................................................... 14
3.2.1. Arthur Pigou ............................................................................................................................ 14
3.2.2. George Akerlof ......................................................................................................................... 14
3.3. DE MARXISTISCHE SCHOOL ................................................................................................................... 14
3.4. DE OOSTENRIJKSE SCHOOL ................................................................................................................... 15
3.4.1. Friedrich Hayek ........................................................................................................................ 15
3.4.2. Joseph Schumpeter .................................................................................................................. 15
3.5. DE KEYNESIAANSE SCHOOL ................................................................................................................... 16
3.6. DE INSTITUTIONELE SCHOOL .................................................................................................................. 16
3.7. DE GEDRAGSECONOMISCHE SCHOOL ....................................................................................................... 17
3.7.1. Herbert Simon ........................................................................................................................... 17
3.8. DE SCHOOL VAN HET GELUK .................................................................................................................. 17
3.8.1. Zelfmoordcijfers ........................................................................................................................ 17
3.8.2. Relatieve positie ....................................................................................................................... 18
3.9. DE PRAKTIJKSCHOOL VAN ECONOMISCHE ONTWIKKELING .............................................................................. 18
3.9.1. Alexander Hamilton.................................................................................................................. 18
3.9.2. Zuid-Amerika en Afrika ............................................................................................................. 18
3.10. DE NEOLIBERALE IDEOLOGIE .................................................................................................................. 19
3.10.1. Milton Friedman .................................................................................................................. 19
3.11. DIVERSITEIT IN HET ECONOMISCHE DENKEN ............................................................................................... 19
1
,4. BBP EN HET GEWICHT VAN DE OVERHEID ..................................................................................... 20
4.1. BBP, NBP, BNP .............................................................................................................................. 20
4.2. TOEGEVOEGDE WAARDE ..................................................................................................................... 20
4.3. HET BBP VAN BELGIË ........................................................................................................................ 20
4.3.1. Nominaal BBP vs. Reëel BBP ..................................................................................................... 20
4.4. BEPERKINGEN VAN HET BBP ALS ECONOMISCHE MAATSTAF ........................................................................... 21
4.5. HOE ZWAAR WEEGT DE OVERHEID?......................................................................................................... 21
4.5.1. Verdeling van het BBP van België over sectoren ......................................................................... 21
4.5.2. Toegevoegde waarde overheid ................................................................................................. 22
4.5.3. Ontvangsten en uitgaven van de overheid ................................................................................. 22
4.6. HERVERDELEN EN STIMULEREN .............................................................................................................. 23
4.7. BELASTINGEN EN WELVAART ................................................................................................................. 23
4.7.1. Belasting(ontvangsten) en welvaart .......................................................................................... 23
4.8. DE PUBLIEKE SCHULD ..........................................................................................................................25
4.9. EFFICIËNTIE VAN DE OVERHEID ............................................................................................................... 25
5. GROEI EN ONGELIJKHEID ............................................................................................................ 26
5.1. GROEI OP LANGE TERMIJN: DE GOLVEN VAN KONDRATIEFF ........................................................................... 26
5.2. GROEI = TOENAME ECONOMISCHE TRANSACTIES ....................................................................................... 26
5.3. VARIABELE GROEI OP KORTE TERMIJN ..................................................................................................... 26
5.4. HOE VERKLAREN WE GROEI OP MIDDELLANGE TERMIJN? ............................................................................... 27
5.4.1. Bevolking ..................................................................................................................................27
5.4.2. Productiviteit ............................................................................................................................27
5.4.3. Arbeidsparticipatie ....................................................................................................................27
5.4.4. Vergelijking VS met Europa ....................................................................................................... 28
5.4.5. Een gemengd beeld .................................................................................................................. 28
5.5. DE IMPACT VAN GROEI OP DE ONGELIJKHEID ............................................................................................. 28
5.5.1. Armer dan je ouders? ............................................................................................................... 28
5.5.2. De olifantengrafiek van Milanovic ............................................................................................. 29
5.5.3. ‘Kapitaal in de 21ste eeuw’ van Thomas Piketty .......................................................................... 29
5.6. ONGELIJKHEID IN BELGIË ..................................................................................................................... 29
5.6.1. Meting van ongelijkheid ........................................................................................................... 29
5.6.2. Beperkingen analyses op basis van fiscale gegevens .................................................................. 30
5.6.3. Meting van armoede ................................................................................................................ 30
5.7. PERSPECTIEVEN OVER ONGELIJKHEID ....................................................................................................... 31
5.7.1. Harry Frankfurt .........................................................................................................................31
5.7.2. Maatregelen van de overheid ....................................................................................................31
6. CONJUNCTUUR EN MACRO-ECONOMISCH BELEID .......................................................................... 32
6.1. WAT IS GELD EN WAAROM GEBRUIKEN WE GELD? ....................................................................................... 32
6.1.1. Een kleine geschiedenis van geld ............................................................................................... 32
6.1.2. Een kleine geschiedenis van banken .......................................................................................... 32
6.2. GELDCREATIE .................................................................................................................................... 33
6.2.1. Geldaanbod en meervoudige depositocreatie .............................................................................33
6.3. DE WAARDE VAN GELD ........................................................................................................................ 34
6.4. INFLATIE .......................................................................................................................................... 34
6.4.1. Deflatie .................................................................................................................................... 34
6.4.2. BOX 6.5: de deflator van het BBP .............................................................................................. 35
6.5. ECONOMISCHE FLUCTUATIES OP KORTE TERMIJN......................................................................................... 35
6.6. VRAAG EN AANBOD VANUIT MACRO-ECONOMISCH PERSPECTIEF ..................................................................... 35
6.6.1. Economische activiteit op lange termijn .................................................................................... 36
6.6.2. ‘Kosten’ van inflatie ................................................................................................................... 37
6.6.3. Rol van ECB ............................................................................................................................... 37
6.6.4. BOX 6.7: monetair beleid in de praktijk....................................................................................... 37
6.6.5. Economische activiteit op korte termijn ..................................................................................... 38
6.7. MACRO-ECONOMISCH BELEID OP KORTE TERMIJN ....................................................................................... 38
2
, 6.7.1. Monetair beleid........................................................................................................................ 38
6.7.2. Budgettair beleid...................................................................................................................... 38
6.7.3. Actief stabilisatiebeleid: Keynesianen vs. Klassieken ................................................................... 39
7. –............................................................................................................................................. 40
8. BEDRIJVEN ............................................................................................................................... 40
8.1. ONDERNEMING: VAN PROJECT NAAR JURIDISCHE REALITEIT ........................................................................... 40
8.2. ONDERNEMINGEN VANDAAG................................................................................................................ 40
8.2.1. KMO’s...................................................................................................................................... 41
8.3. WAAROM ZIJN ER ONDERNEMINGEN? ..................................................................................................... 41
8.3.1. BOX 8.1: het Coase-theorema ................................................................................................... 41
8.3.2. Make or buy? ........................................................................................................................... 41
8.4. EIGENAARS, MANAGERS EN WERKNEMERS ............................................................................................... 42
8.4.1. Principal-agent probleem ......................................................................................................... 42
8.5. EEN BLIK OP ONDERNEMINGEN IN EUROPA............................................................................................... 42
8.5.1. Bedrijfsdynamiek...................................................................................................................... 42
8.5.2. Overlevingskans ....................................................................................................................... 43
8.5.3. Verdeling van bedrijven ............................................................................................................ 43
8.6. OPBRENGSTEN, KOSTEN EN WINST .......................................................................................................... 43
8.6.1. Kosten ..................................................................................................................................... 43
8.6.2. Opbrengsten ............................................................................................................................ 44
8.6.3. Winst ....................................................................................................................................... 44
8.7. MODELLEREN VAN OPBRENGSTEN, KOSTEN EN WINST ..................................................................................45
9. MARKTEN ................................................................................................................................ 46
9.1. MARKTMACHT ................................................................................................................................. 46
9.2. MARKTVORMEN: EEN OVERZICHT .......................................................................................................... 46
9.3. PERFECTE CONCURRENTIE ................................................................................................................... 46
9.3.1. Het gedrag van de individuele producent en het marktaanbod................................................... 46
9.3.2. BOX 9.2: Waarom werken vele restaurants met relatief weinig klanten? .....................................47
9.3.3. Marktresultaat en marktdynamiek.............................................................................................47
9.3.4. Is perfecte concurrentie efficiënt? ............................................................................................. 48
9.4. MONOPOLIE .................................................................................................................................... 48
9.4.1. Waarom ontstaan monopolies? ................................................................................................ 48
9.4.2. Het gedrag van de monopolist .................................................................................................. 49
9.4.3. BOX 9.3: de marginale opbrengst van de monopolist ................................................................. 49
9.4.4. Monopolie en welvaart ............................................................................................................. 49
9.5. MONOPOLISTISCHE CONCURRENTIE ........................................................................................................50
9.5.1. Het gedrag van de monopolistisch competitieve producent........................................................ 50
9.5.2. Welvaart onder monopolistische concurrentie ........................................................................... 51
9.6. STRATEGISCHE INTERACTIE TUSSEN BEDRIJVEN: OLIGOPOLIE ........................................................................... 51
9.6.1. Nash-evenwicht ....................................................................................................................... 51
9.6.2. Samenwerkende oligopolie ....................................................................................................... 52
9.7. MARKTMACHT EN PRIJSDISCRIMINATIE ..................................................................................................... 52
9.8. DAAROM ZIJN WE BEZORGD OVER CONCURRENTIE! ..................................................................................... 53
9.8.1. Mededingingsbeleid ................................................................................................................. 53
10. GLOBALISERING .................................................................................................................... 54
10.1. HANDEL = SAMENWERKING ..................................................................................................................54
10.2. GLOBALISERING GEMETEN ....................................................................................................................54
10.2.1. Fases van globalisering ........................................................................................................ 54
10.3. HOE VERKLAREN WE HANDELSSTROMEN? ................................................................................................. 55
10.3.1. David Ricardo ...................................................................................................................... 55
10.3.2. Eli Heckscher en Bertil Ohlin ................................................................................................. 55
10.3.3. Paul Krugman ...................................................................................................................... 55
10.4. WELVAART DOOR HANDEL .................................................................................................................... 55
3
, 10.5. HANDELSBELEMMERINGEN EN HANDELSINTEGRATIE ....................................................................................56
10.6. HANDELSINTEGRATIE........................................................................................................................... 57
10.7. DE EUROPESE UNIE ............................................................................................................................ 57
10.8. DE CHINA-SCHOK ...............................................................................................................................58
10.8.1. Effecten van de China-schok volgens academisch onderzoek ................................................. 58
10.9. GLOBALISERING 2.0............................................................................................................................58
11. EXTERNE EFFECTEN EN DUURZAME ONTWIKKELING ................................................................... 60
11.1. MOET ONZE ECONOMIE BLIJVEN GROEIEN? .............................................................................................. 60
11.1.1. Globaal perspectief .............................................................................................................. 60
11.1.2. Ecologische kostprijs ............................................................................................................ 60
11.1.3. Ecologische voetafdruk ........................................................................................................ 61
11.2. NIEMAND IN DE COCKPIT VAN DE GLOBALE ECONOMIE? ................................................................................ 61
11.3. RIJKE PATIËNT ZOEKT LIFESTYLECOACH .................................................................................................... 62
11.4. MARKTFALEN EN BELEID ..................................................................................................................... 62
11.4.1. Het internationale klimaatbeleid .......................................................................................... 63
11.4.2. Conventionele luchtvervuiling ............................................................................................... 63
11.4.3. De Porter-hypothese ............................................................................................................ 63
11.5. DE PIGOUVIAANSE INTERNALISATIE ........................................................................................................ 64
11.5.1. Negatieve externe effecten .................................................................................................. 64
11.5.2. Dynamische effecten............................................................................................................ 65
11.5.3. BOX 11.5: het Europese systeem van verhandelbare emissierechte ........................................ 65
11.5.4. Economic policymaking ........................................................................................................ 65
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