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Samenvatting Neuropsychologie
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Samenvatting neuropsychologie op basis van slides Vak gegeven door Prof. Wim Fias 17/20 gehaald met deze samenvatting!
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NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE0. INLEIDING ...................................................................................................... 1
0.1. Dualisme en ontstaan van neuropsychologie................................................................................ 1
0.1.1. Neuropsychologie............................................................................................................................ 1
0.2. Addendum ............................................................................................................................. 3
1. HET CENTRALE ZENUWSTELSEL (1) .................................................................... 4
1.1. Terminologie: oriëntatie ........................................................................................................... 4
1.2. Van 3D naar 2D ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.3. Neuronen .............................................................................................................................. 5
1.3.1. De bouwstenen ...............................................................................................................................5
1.3.2. Elektrochemische communicatie......................................................................................................5
1.4. Centraal zenuwstelsel .............................................................................................................. 5
1.4.1. Ruggenmerg ....................................................................................................................................5
1.4.2. Hersenen .............................................................................................................................. 6
1.4.2.1. Hersenstam: medulla ........................................................................................................ 6
1.4.2.2. Hersenstam: pons ............................................................................................................. 6
1.4.2.3. Hersenstam: middenhersenen ........................................................................................... 7
1.4.2.4. Reticulair activatie systeem ................................................................................................ 7
1.4.2.5. Cerebellum ........................................................................................................................ 7
1.4.2.6. Diencephalon: hypothalamus ............................................................................................ 8
1.4.2.7. Diencephalon: thalamus.................................................................................................... 8
1.4.2.8. Basale ganglia ................................................................................................................... 8
1.4.2.9. Limbische systeem ............................................................................................................ 9
1.4.2.10. Cerebrale cortex ............................................................................................................... 9
1.5. Functionele onderverdeling van de cerebrale cortex ................................................................... 10
1.5.1. De primaire sensorische gebieden ................................................................................................. 10
1.5.1.1. De visuele cortex ............................................................................................................. 10
1.5.1.2. De auditieve cortex .......................................................................................................... 11
1.5.1.3. De olfactorische en gustatorische cortex .......................................................................... 12
1.5.1.4. De somatosensorische cortex ........................................................................................... 12
1.5.2. Het primaire motorische gebied..................................................................................................... 13
1.5.3. De associatieve gebieden............................................................................................................... 13
1.5.3.1. De frontale lob................................................................................................................. 13
1.5.3.2. De pariëtale lob ............................................................................................................... 13
1.5.3.3. De temporale lob ............................................................................................................. 14
1.5.4. Witte stof banen ........................................................................................................................... 14
2. METHODEN IN DE NEUROWETENSCHAPPEN (2 EN 3) .......................................... 15
2.1. Structurele methoden ............................................................................................................ 15
2.1.1. CAT ............................................................................................................................................... 15
2.1.2. MRI ............................................................................................................................................... 15
2.1.2.1. DTI .................................................................................................................................. 16
2.2. Functionele methoden ........................................................................................................... 16
2.2.1. Elektrofysiologische methoden ...................................................................................................... 16
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, 2.2.1.1. Single-cell recording......................................................................................................... 16
2.2.1.2. EEG ................................................................................................................................. 16
(a) ERP ............................................................................................................................................... 17
(b) ERN .............................................................................................................................................. 17
(c) Time- frequency analysis ............................................................................................................... 17
2.2.1.3. MEG ................................................................................................................................ 18
2.2.2. Metabole metingen ....................................................................................................................... 18
2.2.2.1. PET .................................................................................................................................. 18
2.2.2.2. fMRI ................................................................................................................................ 19
(a) substractiemethode ..................................................................................................................... 20
(b) van blocked naar event-gerelateerde designs ............................................................................... 20
(c) bijzondere mogelijkheden fMRI ..................................................................................................... 20
2.2.2.3. Optical imaging: (f)NIRS ................................................................................................... 21
2.2.3. Overzicht spatiale en temporele resolutie ...................................................................................... 21
2.3. Letselstudies......................................................................................................................... 21
2.3.1. Patiëntenonderzoek ...................................................................................................................... 21
2.3.2. TMS ..............................................................................................................................................22
2.3.3. TCS ...............................................................................................................................................22
2.3.4. Transcraniale stimulatie ................................................................................................................. 23
2.4. Gedragsanalyse ..................................................................................................................... 23
2.5. Populaties ............................................................................................................................ 23
2.5.1. Neurologisch intacte personen ...................................................................................................... 23
2.5.2. Patiënten met hersenbeschadiging ................................................................................................ 23
2.5.3. Testen van geïsoleerde hemisferen ................................................................................................ 23
2.6. Proefdieren .......................................................................................................................... 23
3. HEMISFERISCHE SPECIALISATIE VAN FUNCTIES (2) ............................................... 24
3.1. Hersenmythes ...................................................................................................................... 24
3.2. Structurele verschillen............................................................................................................ 24
3.3. Functionele verschillen ........................................................................................................... 24
3.3.1. Testen van geïsoleerde hemisferen ............................................................................................... 24
3.3.1.1. Split-brain ....................................................................................................................... 24
3.3.1.2. Wada techniek.................................................................................................................25
3.3.2. Testen van patiënten met gelateraliseerd letsel ............................................................................. 25
3.3.3. Onderzoek bij neurologisch intacte personen .................................................................................25
3.3.4. BELANGRIJK: specialisatie, geen lateralisatie.................................................................................. 26
3.4. Basisverschillen tussen de twee hemisferen ............................................................................... 26
3.5. Samenwerking tussen de twee hemisferen ................................................................................ 26
4. OBJECTHERKENNING (6) ................................................................................. 27
4.1. Organisatie van visuele cortex ................................................................................................. 27
4.1.1. Structurele en functionele verschillen ............................................................................................ 27
4.1.2. Visuele verwerkingsbanen ............................................................................................................. 27
4.1.2.1. Functies van de ventral en dorsale baan ........................................................................... 27
(a) wat vs. waar: Mishkin & Ungerleider .............................................................................................. 27
(b) perceptie vs actie: Milner & Goodale ............................................................................................. 27
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,4.2. Kernprobleem: visuele input is ondergedetermineerd ................................................................. 28
4.3. Basisbevindingen................................................................................................................... 28
4.3.1. Bevindingen single-cell recording .................................................................................................. 28
4.3.1.1. Gevoeligheid voor specifieke stimulusattributen .............................................................. 28
4.3.1.2. Receptieve veld bepaalt de onafhankelijkheid van de positie en grootte ........................... 29
4.3.1.3. Kleurgevoeligheid ........................................................................................................... 29
4.3.2. Bevindingen fMRI ......................................................................................................................... 29
4.3.2.1. Lateral occipital complex ................................................................................................. 29
4.3.2.2. Fusiform face area .......................................................................................................... 29
4.3.2.3. Parahippocampal place area ........................................................................................... 29
4.3.2.4. Extrastriate body area ..................................................................................................... 29
4.3.3. Bevindingen patiëntenonderzoek................................................................................................... 30
4.4. Algemene theorieën .............................................................................................................. 30
4.4.1. Computationele theorie van Marr .................................................................................................. 30
4.4.1.1. Interpretatie van agnosieën in theorie van Marr ............................................................... 31
4.5. Gezichtsherkenning: een speciaal geval? ................................................................................... 31
4.5.1. Evidentie uit single-cell recording................................................................................................... 31
4.5.1.1. Sparse cording vs. population coding ................................................................................ 31
4.5.2. Prosopagnosie ............................................................................................................................... 31
4.5.3. Evidentie uit ERP-metingen ............................................................................................................ 31
4.5.4. Evidentie uit fMRI .......................................................................................................................... 31
5. SPATIALE COGNITIE (7) ................................................................................... 32
5.1. Werking van de spatiale verwerking ......................................................................................... 32
5.1.1. De dorsale stroom ......................................................................................................................... 32
5.1.1.1. Kenmerken van cellen in posterieur pariëtale cortex ......................................................... 32
5.1.1.2. Plastische veranderingen in receptieve velden in functie van gebruik van gereedschap ..... 32
5.1.2. Het coderen van 3 ruimtelijke dimensies ........................................................................................ 33
5.1.3. Spatiale referentiekaders ............................................................................................................... 33
5.1.4. Beweging ...................................................................................................................................... 34
5.1.5. Ruimte en actie ............................................................................................................................. 34
5.1.6. Spatiale navigatie .......................................................................................................................... 34
5.2. Neurale basis ........................................................................................................................ 35
5.2.1. Parahippocampus: geheugen voor landmarks ................................................................................ 35
5.2.2. Retrospleniale cortex: representatie van positie van persoon in gekende omgeving ........................ 35
5.2.3. Hippocampus: representatie van mappen ...................................................................................... 35
5.3. Uitdagingen voor het ventral-dorsaal onderscheid ...................................................................... 36
5.4. Virtuele of neuraalgestuurde prothesen .................................................................................... 36
6. – ................................................................................................................. 37
7. AANDACHT (10) ............................................................................................. 37
7.1. Wat is aandacht?................................................................................................................... 37
7.1.1. Categorieën .................................................................................................................................. 37
7.1.1.1. Alertheid en arousal ......................................................................................................... 37
7.1.1.2. Vigilantie of volgehouden aandacht .................................................................................. 37
7.1.1.3. Selectieve aandacht ......................................................................................................... 37
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, 7.1.1.4. Gedeelde aandacht .......................................................................................................... 37
7.2. Neuroanatomie van aandacht ................................................................................................. 37
7.2.1. Arousal.......................................................................................................................................... 37
7.2.1.1. Reticulair Activerend Systeem (RAS) ................................................................................. 37
7.2.1.2. Acetylcholine en noradrenaline systemen......................................................................... 38
7.2.1.3. Thalamus ......................................................................................................................... 38
7.2.2. Vigilantie ....................................................................................................................................... 38
7.2.2.1. Neurotransmittersystemen .............................................................................................. 38
7.2.2.2. Thalamus ......................................................................................................................... 38
7.2.2.3. Corticale gebieden ........................................................................................................... 38
7.2.3. Selectieve aandacht ....................................................................................................................... 38
7.2.3.1. Endogene visuo-spatiale aandacht ................................................................................... 38
7.2.3.2. Exogene visuo-spatiale aandacht ...................................................................................... 38
7.2.3.3. Tijdsverloop van aandachtsselectie................................................................................... 39
7.2.4. Superieure colliculi: oriëntatie naar saillante stimuli ....................................................................... 39
7.2.5. Thalamus: selectieve aandacht ...................................................................................................... 39
7.2.6. Pariëtale cortex: fijnere selectie en ‘resources ................................................................................ 39
7.2.6.1. Allocatie van algemene aandachtsbronnen ....................................................................... 39
7.2.6.2. Fijnere controle van aandacht ......................................................................................... 40
7.2.7. Frontale cortex: respons en doel van selectie ................................................................................ 40
7.2.7.1. Selectie, initiatie en inhibitie van (motorische) acties ....................................................... 40
7.3. Hoe functioneert aandacht op neuraal niveau? .......................................................................... 41
7.3.1. Bron van aandachtscontrole .......................................................................................................... 41
7.3.2. Locatie van aandachtscontrole....................................................................................................... 41
7.4. Modellen van aandacht .......................................................................................................... 42
7.4.1. Opmerken, richten en uitvoeren ................................................................................................... 42
7.4.1.1. Model Corbetta en Shulman (2002) ................................................................................. 42
7.5. Hemi-neglect: klinische aspecten ............................................................................................. 42
7.5.1. Klinisch beeld ............................................................................................................................... 42
7.5.2. Theorieën ..................................................................................................................................... 43
7.5.3. Behandeling ................................................................................................................................. 44
7.6. Wat kunnen we leren van hemi-neglect? ................................................................................... 44
7.6.1. Attentionele gradiënt ................................................................................................................... 44
7.6.2. Verwerken van onbewust aangeboden stimuli .............................................................................. 44
8. GEHEUGEN (9) .............................................................................................. 45
8.1. Wat is geheugen? .................................................................................................................. 45
8.1.1. Definities .......................................................................................................................................45
8.2. Geheugen in het brein............................................................................................................ 45
8.2.1. Hippocampus ................................................................................................................................45
8.2.1.1. Amnesie: een globaal probleem .......................................................................................45
8.2.1.2. Temporele omvang van amnesie ..................................................................................... 46
8.2.1.3. Andere oorzaken van amnesie ........................................................................................ 46
8.2.1.4. Amnesie: bewaard werkgeheugen ................................................................................... 46
8.2.1.5. Amnesie: bewaard ‘skill learning’...................................................................................... 47
8.2.1.6. Rol van de hippocampale regio: leren van relaties............................................................. 47
8.2.2. Niet-hippocampale gebieden ........................................................................................................ 48
8.2.2.1. Domeinspecifieke gebieden voor opslag .......................................................................... 48
8.2.2.2. Basale ganglia: skill learning ............................................................................................ 48
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