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Samenvatting sociale psychologie
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Samenvatting op basis van boek 'Sociale Psychologie' Vak gegeven door Prof. Dr. Alain Van Hiel
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SAMENVATTING SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIEINHOUDSOPGAVE
DEEL 1: KERNTHEMA’S SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIE ............................................................................................... 6
1. inleiding.................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1. de mens is een sociaal dier ............................................................................................................. 6
1.2. sociale psychologie: definitie en verwante disciplines ................................................................... 7
1.2.1. de kracht van sociale psychologie .............................................................................................. 7
a) definitie van sociale psychologie ................................................................................................ 7
1.2.2. de kracht van de situatie ............................................................................................................ 7
1.2.3. sociale psychologie en verwante disciplines .............................................................................. 7
a) sociologie.................................................................................................................................... 7
b) persoonlijkheidspsychologie ....................................................................................................... 7
1.2.4. andere psychologische domeinen .............................................................................................. 7
1.2.5. sociale psychologische en mensenkennis .................................................................................. 7
1.3. de geschiedenis van de sociale psychologie ................................................................................... 7
1.3.1. de beginjaren van de sociale psychologie (1880 – 1935) ........................................................... 7
a) mogelijke grondleggers .............................................................................................................. 7
1.3.2. de jaren van bevestiging (1936 – 1960) ..................................................................................... 8
1.3.3. groei en debat (1960 – 1975) ..................................................................................................... 8
1.3.4. methodologisch en inhoudelijk pluralisme (1975 – heden) ....................................................... 8
1.4. sociale psychologie in de 21e eeuw................................................................................................. 9
1.4.1. hersenonderzoek ....................................................................................................................... 9
1.4.2. het internet ................................................................................................................................ 9
1.4.3. sociaal-culturele perspectieven ................................................................................................. 9
1.4.4. open wetenschap ....................................................................................................................... 9
2. onderzoeksmethoden .............................................................................................................................. 9
2.1. woord vooraf .................................................................................................................................. 9
2.2. de ontwikkeling van hypothesen .................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1. een goed idee ............................................................................................................................. 9
2.2.2. opzoeken van psychologische literatuur .................................................................................... 9
2.3. het operationaliseren van sociaalpsychologische variabelen ....................................................... 10
2.3.1. zelfbeschrijving ......................................................................................................................... 10
2.3.2. gedragsobservatie .................................................................................................................... 10
2.4. ideeën testen: onderzoeksplannen............................................................................................... 10
2.4.1. beschrijvend onderzoek ........................................................................................................... 10
2.4.2. correlationeel onderzoek .......................................................................................................... 10
2.4.3. experimenteel onderzoek ......................................................................................................... 11
a) hoofdeffect en interactie-effect ............................................................................................... 11
b) statistische significantie ........................................................................................................... 11
c) interne en externe validiteit ..................................................................................................... 11
2.5. ethiek en waarden in de sociale psychologie................................................................................ 11
2.5.1. geïnformeerde toestemming ................................................................................................... 11
2.5.2. debriefing ................................................................................................................................. 11
2.5.3. waarden en wetenschap .......................................................................................................... 11
3. het sociale zelf........................................................................................................................................ 12
3.1. woord vooraf ................................................................................................................................ 12
3.2. inleiding......................................................................................................................................... 12
3.2.1. de oorsprong van het zelf......................................................................................................... 12
3.2.2. zelfschema’s ............................................................................................................................. 12
3.2.3. zelfregulatie.............................................................................................................................. 12
a) zelfdiscrepantietheorie ............................................................................................................. 12
b) zelfbewustzijnstheorie .............................................................................................................. 12
, c) beperkingen van zelfregulatie .................................................................................................. 13
3.3. het zelfconcept ............................................................................................................................. 13
3.3.1. introspectie ............................................................................................................................... 13
3.3.2. zelfperceptie............................................................................................................................. 13
a) zelfpercepties van emoties ....................................................................................................... 13
b) zelfpercepties van motivaties ................................................................................................... 13
3.3.3. de invloed van anderen ............................................................................................................ 13
a) sociale vergelijkingstheorie ...................................................................................................... 13
b) tweefactoren-emotietheorie .................................................................................................... 13
c) directe impact van anderen...................................................................................................... 13
3.3.4. impact van geslacht, generatie en cultuur ............................................................................... 14
a) geslachtsverschillen .................................................................................................................. 14
b) leeftijds- en cohortverschillen................................................................................................... 14
c) culturele verschillen .................................................................................................................. 14
3.4. zelfwaardering .............................................................................................................................. 14
3.4.1. de behoefte aan zelfwaardering .............................................................................................. 14
3.4.2. mechanismen van zelfverheerlijking ........................................................................................ 14
a) zelfdienende informatieverwerking.......................................................................................... 14
b) zelfhandicappering ................................................................................................................... 14
c) zich koesteren aan het succes van anderen ............................................................................. 14
d) neerwaartse sociale vergelijking .............................................................................................. 14
3.4.3. of positieve illusies adaptief zijn .............................................................................................. 14
3.5. zelfpresentatie .............................................................................................................................. 15
3.5.1. strategische zelfpresentatie ..................................................................................................... 15
3.5.2. zelfverificatie ............................................................................................................................ 15
3.5.3. individuele verschillen in zelfsturing ........................................................................................ 15
3.5.4. slotwoord: het dynamische zelf ............................................................................................... 15
4. sociale perceptie .................................................................................................................................... 15
4.1. woord vooraf ................................................................................................................................ 15
4.2. het ruwe materiaal van de eerste indruk...................................................................................... 15
4.2.1. eerste indruk ............................................................................................................................ 15
4.2.2. de waarnemer .......................................................................................................................... 15
4.2.3. het uiterlijk ............................................................................................................................... 16
4.2.4. situaties .................................................................................................................................... 16
4.2.5. gedrag ...................................................................................................................................... 16
a) gelaatsuitdrukkingen................................................................................................................ 16
b) ander non-verbaal gedrag ........................................................................................................ 17
c) waarheid van leugen onderscheiden ........................................................................................ 17
4.3. attributie: het afleiden van disposities ......................................................................................... 17
4.3.1. attributietheorieën ................................................................................................................... 17
4.3.2. de theorie van corresponderende gevolgtrekkingen ................................................................ 17
4.3.3. Kelley’s covariatietheorie ......................................................................................................... 17
4.3.4. attributievertekeningen............................................................................................................ 18
a) fundamentele attributiefout .................................................................................................... 18
b) fundamentele attributiefout als een perceptueel fenomeen.................................................... 18
c) attributies als culturele constructies ........................................................................................ 18
d) cognitieve heuristieken............................................................................................................. 18
e) motivatievertekening ............................................................................................................... 18
4.4. integratie van disposities tot impressies....................................................................................... 19
4.4.1. enkele basisbevindingen .......................................................................................................... 19
4.4.2. integratie van kenmerken in een globale impressie ................................................................ 19
4.4.3. afwijkingen van het gemiddelde model ................................................................................... 19
a) disposities van de waarnemer .................................................................................................. 19
b) effecten van primeren .............................................................................................................. 19
c) eigenschappen van de doelpersoon ......................................................................................... 19
4.5. confirmatievertekening: van impressies naar de realiteit ............................................................ 19
, 4.5.1. persistentie van opvattingen .................................................................................................... 20
4.5.2. confirmatorische hypothesetoesting ....................................................................................... 20
4.5.3. de zelfvervullende voorspelling ................................................................................................ 20
4.6. slotwoord ...................................................................................................................................... 20
5. sociale beïnvloeding .............................................................................................................................. 20
5.1. woord vooraf ................................................................................................................................ 20
5.2. automatische sociale beïnvloeding ............................................................................................... 20
5.3. conformiteit .................................................................................................................................. 21
5.3.1. de klassieke studies .................................................................................................................. 21
5.3.2. waarom we ons conformeren .................................................................................................. 21
5.3.3. meerderheidsinvloed ............................................................................................................... 21
a) groepsgrootte: de macht van de getallen ................................................................................ 21
b) een medestander in onenigheid ............................................................................................... 21
c) opvallendheid van de normen .................................................................................................. 21
d) effecten van geslacht en cultuur .............................................................................................. 21
5.3.4. minderheidsinvloed.................................................................................................................. 21
a) macht van de stijl ..................................................................................................................... 22
5.3.5. differentiële of unimodale procesmodellen............................................................................. 22
5.4. instemmen .................................................................................................................................... 22
5.4.1. redenen geven ......................................................................................................................... 22
5.4.2. stel je eens voor ....................................................................................................................... 22
5.4.3. de wederkerigheidsvorm .......................................................................................................... 23
5.4.4. tweestappen-instemmingstechnieken...................................................................................... 23
a) voet-tussen-de-deur-techniek................................................................................................... 23
b) zodra-de-bal-aan-het-rollen-is-techniek................................................................................... 23
c) deur-tegen-de-neus-techniek ................................................................................................... 23
d) het-is-nog-niet-klaar-hoor!-techniek ........................................................................................ 23
5.4.5. assertiviteit ............................................................................................................................... 23
5.5. gehoorzaamheid ........................................................................................................................... 23
5.5.1. Millgrams onderzoek ................................................................................................................ 24
a) het gehoorzame individu .......................................................................................................... 24
b) de autoriteit.............................................................................................................................. 24
c) het slachtoffer .......................................................................................................................... 24
d) de procedure ............................................................................................................................ 24
5.5.2. Millgram in de 21e eeuw .......................................................................................................... 24
5.5.3. verzet........................................................................................................................................ 24
5.6. slotwoord ...................................................................................................................................... 24
DEEL 2: SOCIALE COGNITIE EN ATTITUDES .................................................................................................... 24
6. sociale cognitie ...................................................................................................................................... 24
7. attitudes ................................................................................................................................................. 24
DEEL 3: INTERPERSOONLIJKE EN GROEPSPROCESSEN ................................................................................... 24
8. interpersoonlijke relaties ....................................................................................................................... 24
8.1. het belang van interpersoonlijke relaties ..................................................................................... 24
8.1.1. de behoefte aan affiliatie ......................................................................................................... 24
8.1.2. hechtingsstijlen......................................................................................................................... 25
8.1.3. het sociale netwerk .................................................................................................................. 25
8.1.4. relaties en welbevinden ........................................................................................................... 25
8.1.5. sociale steun en fysieke integriteit ........................................................................................... 25
8.2. aantrekkingskracht........................................................................................................................ 26
8.2.1. nabijheidseffect ........................................................................................................................ 26
8.2.2. familiariteit ............................................................................................................................... 26
8.2.3. gelijkenissen ............................................................................................................................. 26
8.2.4. uiterlijke schoonheid ................................................................................................................ 26
, a) schoonheid: objectief of subjectief ........................................................................................... 26
b) aantrekkingskracht van schoonheid ......................................................................................... 27
c) voor- en nadelen van schoonheid ............................................................................................. 27
8.2.5. contextfactoren ........................................................................................................................ 27
8.3. hechte relaties .............................................................................................................................. 27
8.3.1. elkaar leren kennen.................................................................................................................. 27
a) wederkerigheid ......................................................................................................................... 27
b) jagen op wie moeilijk te krijgen is ............................................................................................ 27
c) inschatten van interesse ........................................................................................................... 27
8.3.2. partnerkeuze ............................................................................................................................ 28
a) het evolutionaire perspectief.................................................................................................... 28
b) sociaal-culturele perspectief..................................................................................................... 28
c) seksuele oriëntatie ................................................................................................................... 28
8.3.3. relatietevredenheid en toewijding ........................................................................................... 28
a) sociale ruiltheorie ..................................................................................................................... 28
b) billijkheidstheorie ..................................................................................................................... 29
c) samenhorigheid ........................................................................................................................ 29
d) balans tussen verwachtingen en investeringen........................................................................ 29
8.3.4. soorten hechte relaties ............................................................................................................ 29
a) passionele liefde ....................................................................................................................... 29
b) partnerschapsliefde .................................................................................................................. 29
8.4. algemene relatiepatronen ............................................................................................................ 29
8.4.1. ontwikkelingspatronen in het huwelijk .................................................................................... 29
8.4.2. communicatie en conflict ......................................................................................................... 30
8.4.3. uit elkaar gaan .......................................................................................................................... 30
8.4.4. samen oud worden .................................................................................................................. 30
8.5. slotwoord ...................................................................................................................................... 30
9. anderen helpen ...................................................................................................................................... 30
9.1. waarom we anderen helpen ......................................................................................................... 30
9.1.1. evolutionaire factoren.............................................................................................................. 30
a) verwantschap ........................................................................................................................... 31
b) wederkerig altruïsme................................................................................................................ 31
c) de coöperatieve groep .............................................................................................................. 31
9.1.2. korsten en baten ...................................................................................................................... 31
a) zichzelf goed voelen ................................................................................................................. 31
b) kosten van helpen of niet helpen.............................................................................................. 31
9.1.3. altruïsme of egoïsme: het grote debat ..................................................................................... 31
a) empathie-altruïsmehypothese ................................................................................................. 31
b) egoïsme .................................................................................................................................... 32
c) atlruïsme vs. egoïsme: beperkingen en gelijkenissen ............................................................... 32
9.1.4. motieven om te helpen ............................................................................................................ 32
9.2. in welke omstandigheden we (niet) helpen.................................................................................. 32
9.2.1. het omstandereffect ................................................................................................................. 32
a) de erfenis van het onderzoek naar het omstandereffect ......................................................... 33
b) gevaarlijke vs. ongevaarlijke situaties ...................................................................................... 33
c) hulp krijgen in een menigte ...................................................................................................... 33
9.2.2. stress en tijdsdruk .................................................................................................................... 33
9.2.3. locatie en cultuur ..................................................................................................................... 33
9.2.4. stemming.................................................................................................................................. 33
a) hulpvaardigheid en positieve stemmingen............................................................................... 33
b) hulpvaardigheid en negatieve stemmingen ............................................................................. 34
9.3. wie anderen helpt ......................................................................................................................... 34
9.3.1. of sommige personen behulpzamer zijn dan anderen ............................................................. 34
9.3.2. kenmerken van een altruïstische persoonlijkheid.................................................................... 34
9.3.3. de invloed van ouders en familie ............................................................................................. 34
9.3.4. rolmodellen en sociale normen ............................................................................................... 35
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