Summary
Samenvatting ontwikkelingspsychologie
- Course
- Institution
Samenvatting op basis van slides Vak gegeven door Prof. Dr. Bart Soenens
[Show more]
1 review
By: laurastandaert • 10 months ago
Seller
Followbovanhecke
Reviews received
Content preview
SAMENVATTING ONTWIKKELINGSPSYCHOLOGIEInhoudsopgave
1. Geschiedenis, theorie en onderzoeksstrategieën ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1. kernvragen: ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.2. domein van de psychologie ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.2.1. wetenschappelijk ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.2.2. toegepast ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.2.3. interdisciplinair ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3. theorieën over ontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.1. definitie ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.2. nut van theorie.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4. structurele kenmerken van ontwikkelingspsychologie ............................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4.1. Is ontwikkeling continu of discontinu? ............................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4.2. Is er één verloop van ontwikkeling of meerdere? .............................................................................................................................................................. 5
1.4.3. Is erfelijkheid of omgeving het belangrijkst? ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4.4. levensloopperspectief ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.5. inhoudelijke bespreking van ontwikkelingspsychologische theorieën ........................................................................................................................................ 6
1.5.1. wetenschappelijke voorvaders ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.5.2. klassieke theorieën uit de 20e eeuw ................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.5.3. recente theorieën ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.6. onderzoeksmethoden ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.6.1. systematische observatie .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
1.6.2. zelfrapportering ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
1.6.3. klinische gevalsstudie ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
1.6.4. ethnografie........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
1.7. algemene onderzoeksdesigns ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
1.7.1. correlationeel onderzoek .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
1.7.2. experimenteel onderzoek ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
1.7.3. designs om ontwikkeling te bestuderen ........................................................................................................................................................................... 10
2. niet ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
3. niet ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 11
4. fysieke ontwikkeling in de eerste twee levensjaren.................................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.1. kernvragen ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.2. lichaamsgroei ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.3. ontwikkeling van de hersenen .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
4.4. beïnvloedende factoren van lichaamsgroei .............................................................................................................................................................................. 12
4.5. leervermogens .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
4.6. motorische ontwikkeling .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
4.7. ontwikkeling zintuigen ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13
5. cognitieve ontwikkeling in de eerste twee levensjaren .............................................................................................................................................................. 14
5.1. kernvragen ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
5.2. Piaget ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
5.2.1. algemene concepten ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
5.2.2. fases van sensorimotorisch stadium ................................................................................................................................................................................. 15
5.2.3. recent onderzoek .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
5.2.4. evaluatie............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
5.3. informatieverwerking ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
5.3.1. verschillende types geheugen ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
5.3.2. sturing van systeem .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
5.3.3. ontwikkeling van systeem ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
5.3.4. mentale strategieën .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
5.3.5. evaluatie............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
5.4. sociale context van cognitieve ontwikkeling (Vygotski) ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
5.5. mentale vaardigheden ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17
5.5.1. Bayley scales of infant development ................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
5.6. taalontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
5.6.1. theorieën over taalontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
5.6.2. behaviorisme..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
5.6.3. nativisme ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
5.6.4. interactionisme ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
, 5.7. voorbereiding op praten ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
5.7.1. vocalisaties en brabbelen.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
5.7.2. communicatievaardigheden ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
5.8. beginnen praten ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
5.8.1. eerste woorden ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
5.8.2. twee-woordenzin .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
5.9. individuele verschillen in taalontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................................................................... 19
5.10. ondersteunen van vroege taalverwerving ................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
6. emotionele en sociale ontwikkeling in de eerste twee levensjaren ............................................................................................................................................ 19
6.1. kernvragen ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
6.2. Erikson ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
6.2.1. eerste levensjaar ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
6.2.2. tweede levensjaar ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
6.3. emotionele ontwikkeling .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
6.3.1. basisemoties ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
6.3.2. begrijpen van emoties van anderen ................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
6.3.3. zelfbewuste emoties ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
6.3.4. emotionele zelfregulatie ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
6.4. temperament............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
6.4.1. structuur van temperament.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
6.4.2. meten van temperament .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
6.4.3. stabiliteit van temperament ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
6.4.4. genetische invloeden ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22
6.4.5. omgevingsinvloeden ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
6.4.6. goodness-of-fit-model ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
6.5. gehechtheid .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
6.5.1. ethologische theorie ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
6.5.2. gehechtheid meten ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
6.5.3. hechtingsstijlen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
6.5.4. stabiliteit van gehechtheid ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
6.5.5. culturele verschillen .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
6.5.6. determinanten van hechtingskwaliteit ............................................................................................................................................................................. 24
6.5.7. meerdere hechtingsfiguren............................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
6.6. ontwikkeling van zelfbeeld ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
6.6.1. zelfbewustzijn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
6.6.2. zelfcategorisatie ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
6.6.3. zelfcontrole ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
7. fysieke en cognitieve ontwikkeling in de vroege kindertijd: 2 – 6 jaar......................................................................................................................................... 25
7.1. kenvragen ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
7.2. fysieke ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
7.3. motorische ontwikkeling .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
7.3.1. ruwe motorische ontwikkeling ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
7.3.2. fijne motorische ontwikkeling ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
7.3.3. tekenen ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 26
7.3.4. schrijven ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26
7.3.5. individuele verschillen....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
7.4. cognitieve ontwikkeling ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26
7.4.1. Piaget ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26
7.4.2. pre-operationele fase ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
7.4.3. beperkingen ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
7.4.4. recenter onderzoek ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
7.4.5. opvoedkundige principes afgeleid uit Piagets theorie ...................................................................................................................................................... 28
7.5. Vygotsky’s socioculturele theorie ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 28
7.6. informatieprocestheorie ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
7.6.1. aandacht ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
7.6.2. geheugenstrategieën ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 28
7.6.3. theory of mind .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 29
7.7. taalontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
7.7.1. woordenschat ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
7.7.2. grammatica ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
7.7.3. conversatie ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
7.7.4. ondersteunen taalontwikkeling ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
8. emotionele en sociale ontwikkeling in de vroege kindertijd: 2 – 6 jaar ....................................................................................................................................... 30
8.1. kernvragen ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
8.2. Erikson ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
8.3. zichzelf begrijpen ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
8.4. emotionele ontwikkeling .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
8.4.1. begrijpen van emoties....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
, 8.4.2. emotionele zelfregulatie ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
8.4.3. zelfbewuste emoties ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
8.4.4. empathie, sympathie en prosociaal gedrag ...................................................................................................................................................................... 31
8.5. relaties met leeftijdsgenoten .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
8.5.1. spel .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
8.5.2. vriendschap ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
8.5.3. invloeden van ouders op vroege relatie met ‘peers’ ........................................................................................................................................................ 31
8.6. vroege morele ontwikkeling ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
8.6.1. psycho-analyse .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 32
8.6.2. sociaal leren ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
8.6.3. cognitief ontwikkelingsperspectief ................................................................................................................................................................................... 32
8.6.4. agressie ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 32
8.7. stereotiepe geslachtsrollen....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
9. fysieke en cognitieve ontwikkeling in de lagere schooltijd.......................................................................................................................................................... 33
9.1. kernvragen ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33
9.2. fysieke ontwikkeling en determinanten.................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
9.2.1. lichaamsgroei .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
9.2.2. gezondheidsproblemen .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
9.3. motorische ontwikkeling .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
9.3.1. ruwe motorische ontwikkeling ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
9.3.2. fijne motorische ontwikkeling ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
9.4. Piaget ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
9.4.1. concreet-operationeel stadium ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 34
9.4.2. beperkingen ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
9.4.3. recent onderzoek .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 35
9.4.4. evaluatie............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 35
9.5. informatieverwerkingstheorieën .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 35
9.5.1. algemene principes ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
9.5.2. aandacht ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
9.5.3. geheugenstrategieën ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 35
9.5.4. kennisbestand ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
9.5.5. theory of mind .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 36
9.5.6. cognitieve zelfregulering ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
9.6. taalontwikkeling ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
9.6.1. woordenschat ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
9.6.2. grammatica ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
9.6.3. pragmatiek ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 36
9.6.4. twee talen leren ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 36
9.6.5. tweetalige ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
10. emotionele en sociale ontwikkeling in de lagere schooltijd ................................................................................................................................................. 37
10.1. kernvragen ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
10.2. Erikson ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
10.3. zelfbegrip en zelfwaarde .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
10.4. emotionele ontwikkeling .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
10.4.1. zelfbewuste emoties .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 38
10.4.2. begrip van emoties .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
10.4.3. emotionele zelfregulatie ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 38
10.5. morele ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 38
10.6. relaties met leeftijdsgenoten .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
10.6.1. peer groepen ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 39
10.6.2. vriendschappen ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
10.6.3. peer aanvaarding ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
11. fysieke en cognitieve ontwikkeling in de adolescentie......................................................................................................................................................... 39
11.1. inleiding .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
11.2. biologische veranderingen ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
11.2.1. hormonale veranderingen ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
11.2.2. groeispurt en seksuele rijping .................................................................................................................................................................................... 40
11.2.3. individuele verschillen in pubertijd............................................................................................................................................................................ 41
11.2.4. gevolgen van biologische veranderingen .................................................................................................................................................................. 41
11.2.5. gevolgen van timing van puberteit ............................................................................................................................................................................ 41
11.3. cognitieve veranderingen ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
11.3.1. Piaget: formeel-operationeel denken........................................................................................................................................................................ 41
11.3.2. informatieverwerkingstheorie ................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
11.3.3. gevolgen van cognitieve veranderingen .................................................................................................................................................................... 42
12. emotionele en sociale ontwikkeling in de adolescentie ....................................................................................................................................................... 42
12.1. identiteitsvorming .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
12.1.1. Erikson ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
, 12.1.2. zichzelf begrijpen: zelfconcept en zelfwaardering ..................................................................................................................................................... 43
12.2. morele ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 43
12.2.1. Piaget ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
12.2.2. Kohlberg..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
12.2.3. geslachtsverschillen in moraliteit .............................................................................................................................................................................. 44
12.3. vriendschap en relaties met leeftijdsgenoten ........................................................................................................................................................................... 44
12.3.1. vriendschap in adolescentie ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
12.3.2. vriendschappen op het internet ................................................................................................................................................................................ 44
12.3.3. voordelen van vriendschappen ................................................................................................................................................................................. 44
12.3.4. cliques en crowds ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
12.3.5. dating ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
12.3.6. conformiteit met peers .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 45
12.4. verstoorde ontwikkelingspatronen ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
12.4.1. depressie.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 45
12.4.2. suïcide ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 45
13. niet ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 46
14. emotionele en sociale ontwikkeling in vroege volwassenheid: 18 – 40 jaar ......................................................................................................................... 46
14.1. opkomende volwassenheid: een geleidelijke overgang ............................................................................................................................................................ 46
14.2. Erikson ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
14.3. andere theorieën over psychosociale ontwikkeling .................................................................................................................................................................. 47
14.3.1. Levinson ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
14.3.2. Vaillant ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
14.3.3. beperkingen Levinson en Vaillant .............................................................................................................................................................................. 47
14.3.4. sociale klok................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 47
14.4. intieme relaties ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
14.4.1. partnerkeuze.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 48
14.4.2. liefde .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
14.4.3. vriendschap................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 48
14.4.4. eenzaamheid ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 48
14.5. levenscyclus van het gezin ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 49
14.5.1. ouderlijk huis verlaten ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
15. niet ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
16. emotionele en sociale ontwikkeling in midden volwassenheid: 40 – 65 jaar ........................................................................................................................ 49
16.1. Erikson ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
16.1.1. onderzoek over generativiteit ................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
16.2. andere theorieën over psychosociale ontwikkeling tijdens de midden volwassenheid ............................................................................................................ 50
16.2.1. Levinson ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
16.2.2. Vaillant ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
16.2.3. midlife crisis ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
16.3. stabiliteit en verandering in zelfconcept en persoonlijkheid .................................................................................................................................................... 51
16.3.1. mogelijke zelven ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 51
16.3.2. zelfaanvaarding.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
16.3.3. omgaan met problemen: coping ............................................................................................................................................................................... 51
16.3.4. geslachtsidentiteit ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
16.3.5. persoonlijkheid: big five............................................................................................................................................................................................. 51
17. niet ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
18. emotionele en sociale ontwikkeling in late volwassenheid: 65 jaar – einde ......................................................................................................................... 52
18.1. Erikson ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
18.2. andere theorieën ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
18.2.1. Peck: verfijning => link met gerotrancendentietheorie ............................................................................................................................................. 52
18.2.2. Labouvie-Vief ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 52
18.2.3. reminiscentie en life review....................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
18.3. zelfconcept ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
18.4. sociale wereld ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller bovanhecke. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $9.79. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
62491 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now