Exam (elaborations)
TEST 3 - Advanced Pathophysiology Summer 2023 UTA 5315
- Course
- Institution
TEST 3 - Advanced Pathophysiology Summer 2023 UTA 5315...
[Show more]
Content preview
TEST 3 - Advanced PathophysiologySummer 2023 UTA 5315
Mitral Valve Stenosis - Answer - Characterized by NARROWING of mitral valve
- Normal is 4-6 cm
-Narrowed is less than 2.5 cm
- Caused by RHEUMATIC FEVER
-More common in WOMEN
-Oxygenated blood comes back into heart into the left atrium and down through the
mitral valve to the left ventricle
- Complex: Stenosis leads to volume/pressure in left atrium, which results in atrial
hypertrophy/dilation, which increases pressure/volume in the pulmonary circulation &
causes PULMONARY EDEMA
- Simplified: Skinny mitral valve doesn't let blood pass through easily, so blood backs up
into the left atrium and causes it to swell, then backs up into the lung and causes resp.
symptoms
-S/sx: dyspnea, hemoptysis, a-fib, dysphagia, pulmonary hypertension
Mitral Valve Regurgitation - Answer -Characterized by INCOMPLETE CLOSURE of
mitral valve
-Caused by MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE (flaps don't close together properly, leaving
valve ajar); more common in WOMEN; STICKING CHEST PAIN
-Blood in left ventricle backs up to left ventricle during systole (mitral valve should be
closed during systole/contraction of heart)
-Leads to atrial dilation/hypertrophy, increased pulmonary vascular pressure/volume,
PULMONARY EDEMA
-S/sx: Dyspnea, rales, pansystolic murmur, S3 & S4 heart sounds
Aortic Valve Stenosis - Answer -Most common valvular disease
-Most common causes are aortic valve CALCIFICATION (stiffening) in people over 60;
congenital aortic valve stenosis in people less than 30
-Normal valve 3 cm; symptoms seen when valve less than 1 cm; severe when valve is
less than 0.5 cm
-Narrowed valve prevents outflow from left ventricle to aorta. This backs up blood to the
left atrium and ultimately floods the lung causing PULMONARY EDEMA
S/Sx: Pulmonary hypertension/edema, poor outflow of aorta to body (aorta sends out
oxygenated blood to body), causing fainting or chest pain
Simplified: Aorta is stiff and can't send out oxygenated blood properly to the body,
depriving tissues of oxygen. Blood gets backed up into lungs, causing pulmonary
edema.
,Aortic Valve Regurgitation - Answer -Valve is TOO WIDE or TOO NARROW, blood
doesn't pass through effectively, causing back flow of blood into the left ventricle
-Marked by EARLY DIASTOLIC MURMUR (on systole, heart contracts and pushes
blood up the aorta, but on diastole, heart relaxes and ineffective aortic valve is not able
to hold blood up in aorta, so blood falls and makes a swish sound, which is the murmur)
-Most commonly caused by AORTIC ROOT DILATION(starting point of aorta is too
wide)
-Other causes: infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, aortitis from syphilis, coarctation
(congenital narrowing of aorta), aortic dissection (tear), ankylosing spondylitis
(inflammatory arthritis)
-Acute: increases left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) (increased blood back
down in the left ventricle increases pressure), decreased stroke volume (not much blood
is being pushed from left ventricle because blood's backed up and overwhelming left
ventricle), normal or decreased pulse pressure, decreased cardiac output (aorta is not
effectively pumping blood from heart)
Chronic: Body adjusts; LVEDP normalizes, systolic bp increases (compensation: harder
contraction to push blood out of aorta before it falls back down to left ventricle), diastolic
bp decreases (compensation: decreased relaxation of heart to stop blood from seeping
back out of aorta), cardiac output is normal, pulse pressure is increase. Blood ultimately
is backed up into the left atrium and pulmonary circulation.
Atherosclerosis Causes - Answer -Begins with tissue injury
Sources of injury:
CIGARETTES (toxins)
Hypertension (increased force of the blood hitting the blood vessel can weaken it)
Diabetes
Hyperlipidemia (lipids take place of endothelial cells lining the blood vessel, initiating an
inflammatory response)
Patho of Atherosclerosis r/t Hyperlipidemia - Inflammatory Response - Answer 1. Tissue
injury to endothelial cells lining the blood vessel.
2. Endothelial cells become inflammed and unable to produce sufficient antithrombotic
and vasodilating cytokines, increasing risk for clot formation and creating a tighter space
for plaques and clots to grow.
3. Macrophages and platelets are called to the area of injury, further congesting the
growing plaque area.
4. LDL replaces endothelial cells in the lining of the blood vessel.
5. Macrophages engulf the LDL particles.
6. Macrophages eat too much LDL, causing them to burst and become foam cells
(under a microscope they look like sea foam)
7. Accumulation of foam cells causes a fatty streak. Fatting streak further triggers
inflammatory responses, repeating the whole cycle, and growing the fatty streak.
, 8. Smooth muscle hyperplasia from all the inflammation grows, produces collagen, and
covers the fatty streak to create a fibrous plaque.
9. The plaque may calcify, protrude into the vessel, and occlude blood flow, resulting in
ischemia or infarction.
Hyperlipidemia - Answer Leading cause of coronary artery disease
Most commonly affects promximal portions of coronary arteries, larger branches of
carotid arteries, circle of Willis (base of brain), large vessels of lower extremities, renal
arteries, mesenteric (intestinal) arteries
Consequences of Atherosclerosis - Answer Reduced blood flow
Coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, carotid artery disease, cerebral vascular
disease, stroke, mesenteric ischemia, peripheral vascular disease, renal artery stenosis
Congenital Heart Disease - Answer -Most common heart disease affecting children
-Etiology is unknown in 90% of cases
Causes:
Genetic/environmental factors (multifactorial factors)
Primary genetic factors (single gene disorders, chromosome disorders)
Sole environmental factors (Accutane/isotretinoin for acne, alcohol, maternal rubella
infection)
Maternal Risk Factors:
Age over 45, prior child with heart defect, poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy,
alcohol, congenital infection during pregnancy (rubella), aspirin, lupus,
Dilantin/phenytoin/diphenylhydantoin for seizures
LEFT to RIGHT shunt (Congenital heart defect) - Answer -Oxygenated blood from the
left side of the heart mixes with unoxygenated blood in the right side of the heart.
-Oxygen saturation on left side is usually 95%, whereas right side is 75%
- As blood mixes, right side's oxygen saturation increases to 80% or more
-VOLUME OVERLOAD occurs on RIGHT side of heart occurs, leading to PULMONARY
HYPERTENSION, which causes RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY, (secondary
to pulm. hptn.), and LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY(secondary to blood being
returned to left ventricle)
Eisenmenger Syndrome: Reversal of left to right shunt to a right to left shunt.
Eisenmenger Syndrome - Answer 1. Increased blood flow returns to lungs rather than to
the rest of the body.
2. Blood vessels become stiff and narrow - permanent damage.
3. Increased pressure of the blood flow in the lung becomes so great that the direction
of blood flow through the shunt reverses.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Easton. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $17.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
69052 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now