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Onderzoekspraktijk | ALLE KENNISCLIPS uitgebreide aantekeningen
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Hele uitgebreide aantekeningen van alle kennisclips per college, vertaald in het Nederlands (behalve kennisclip 1 van hc 1)!
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Video’s ter voorbereiding van tentamenCollege 1
Video 1: Introduction to casestudies
- Wat zijn ze?
- Hoe verschillen ze van andere studies
- Twee verschillende types replicaties in de context van case studies
Wat zijn ze?
Er zijn veel verschillende cases die examend kunnen worden:
Example of cases:
Kan zich focussen op een individu, bijv. op een handicap. Kan zich ook focussen op een groep
van individuen, zoals ouders van kinderen met bepaalde problematiek.
Een case kan ook gaan om een company of het kan een organizational decision..
Case study can have one or multiple units of analysis.
Een onderzoeker kan bijv. Een specifieke school onderzoeken, wat de ‘main unit of analysis’
is. Maar kan ook geïnteresseerd zijn in de docenten van de school, wat dan een ‘subunit of
analysis’ is.
Researcher can conduct case studies with different aims.
Casestudies kunnen worden gecategoriseerd in verschillende typen gebaseerd op deze aims.
1) Er zijn Descriptive case studies, wat zich richt op het beschrijven van de data hoe ze
voorkomen. Een case studie kan bijvoorbeeld een nieuwe ziekte beschrijven.
2) Daarnaast zijn er exploratory casestudies, die zich richt op het exploreren van een
fenomeen in de data. Findings van explored case studies kunenn worden gebruikt als
de basis voor een theoretisch framework voor dit fenomeen.
3) Explanatory case studie: legt een fenomeen in de data uit. Deze casestudie wordt
gebruikt wanneer een theoretisch framework voor de relevante fenomeen al
beschikbaar is. Ze richten zich op het beantwoorden van vragen hoe of waarom iets
gebeurt.
To atain these different research aimes. Researchers collect data related to their case of
interest. In case studies, data are collected from a wider range of sources then in other
studies. Voor sources of evidence casestudies kunnen zijn:
- Interviews
- Observaties
- Documentation
- Fysical Artefacts
,If a specific finding is supported by multiple sources of evidence, researchers can be more
confident about the validity of their finding.
Using multiple sources of evidence, is called triangulation.
Hoe verschillen ze van andere studies
Een belangrijk verschil tussen case studies en andere typen studie, zoals surveys hebben te
maken met de generalizability of de findings.
In suvey studies, a survey is atminestory to a sample of respondents, based on the data of
the sample inverences are made about the population from which the sample was selected.
This is called statistical generalization. The findings are then used to make inferences about a
relevant theoretical framework. This is called analytical generalization.
In a case study on the other hand the case study examined, does not represent a sample
drawing from a population. Therefore, the findings of a case study are not statistically
generalized. However, these findings can be analytically generalized because the findings can
be used to directly draw inferences about a theoretical framework.
It is hard to draw a theoretical framework based on the findings of a single Therefore,
casestudies should be replicated.
Twee verschillende types replicaties in de context van case studies
Two types of replications are relevant in this context, literal and theoretical replication.
If you have conducted a case study you can replicate this study with another case for which
your theory predicts similar results, this is called literal replication. For example, imagine
that your theoretical framework predicts that a particular set of exercises thought be a
speech therapist, can improve pronunciation with a spoken language disorder. You can doubt
a first case study in which a child goes to a therapist to perform the exercises and find that
indeed the pronunciation improved. You then study another child that also goes to a
therapist and performs the same exercises. This is an example of literal replication, because
your theory predicts that in the second case you’ll find the same results as in the first case.
, According to your theory in the first and second case, the child’s pronunciation improves
because of the exercises and not of the visits to the therapist.
You may ask a third child to go to the therapist, where the therapist should not work on the
exercises, but talk about the weather. Unlike the first and second case, your theory predicts
that in this final case, you will not find an improvement in the childs pronunciation. This is an
example of theoretical replication. Because based on your theory, you expect a different
outcome in this case.
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