In dit document vind je (hele uitgebreide) aantekeningen van alle hoorcolleges van het vak Evolutie en Gedrag. Ook zijn er aantekeningen van kennisclips en de opnames van Martijn Egas. Deze aantekeningen kan je printen om mee te nemen naar het (open boek) tentamen. Ik raad wel zeker aan om ook het ...
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Hoorcollege 1: Introductie Evoltionaire Psychologie (06-06) .................................................................. 4
Belangrijke stromingen ........................................................................................................................ 4
1. Behaviorisme ........................................................................................................................... 4
2. Ethologie .................................................................................................................................. 4
3. Cognitivisme ............................................................................................................................ 4
4. Evolutionaire psychologie ........................................................................................................ 5
5. Gedragsecologie ...................................................................................................................... 6
6. Comparatieve psychologie....................................................................................................... 6
Voorbeeld tentamenvraag ................................................................................................................... 6
Hoorcollege 2: Evolutionaire hypothese testen (07-06) .......................................................................... 7
Evolutionaire Psychologie: hoe toets je een evolutionaire hypothese?.............................................. 7
Wat is evolutionaire psychologie? ................................................................................................... 7
Aannames van evolutionaire psychologie: ...................................................................................... 7
Hoe test je deze aannames? ............................................................................................................ 9
Hoe toets je een evolutionaire hypothese? .................................................................................... 9
Introductie practicum .................................................................................................................... 11
Hoorcollege 3: Tinbergen’s “Why questions” (08-06) ........................................................................... 16
Kennisclip Wat is gedrag? .................................................................................................................. 16
Kennisclip Tinbergen’s ‘Waarom’ vragen........................................................................................... 16
College Boris Berkhout ...................................................................................................................... 16
Gedragsecologie ............................................................................................................................ 16
Natuurlijke selectie ........................................................................................................................ 16
Tinbergen’s ‘Waarom’ vragen ........................................................................................................ 18
Voorbeeld tentamenvraag ............................................................................................................. 18
Hoorcollege 4: Evolutie van Homo Sapiens en Taal (09-06) .................................................................. 19
Kennisclip Onze evolutie in vogelvlucht ............................................................................................ 19
Kennisclip Wat zijn primaten? ........................................................................................................... 20
Kenmerken..................................................................................................................................... 20
Mensapen ...................................................................................................................................... 20
Kennisclip Evolutie van mens-achtigen ............................................................................................. 22
Kennisclip Evolutie van taal ............................................................................................................... 23
Wat is taal? .................................................................................................................................... 24
College Annemie Ploeger: Evolutie van Homo Sapiens en taal ......................................................... 24
Opvallende kenmerken van mensachtigen ................................................................................... 24
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,Hoorcollege 5: Evolutie van Brein & Intelligentie (13-06) ..................................................................... 31
Mensen hebben een groot brein....................................................................................................... 31
Ontwikkeling brein......................................................................................................................... 32
Genetica......................................................................................................................................... 32
Waarom hebben mensen een groot brein? ...................................................................................... 32
Associatie tussen breingrootte en intelligentie ............................................................................. 32
Hypotheses over evolutie van breingrootte ...................................................................................... 36
Groot brein kost veel energie ........................................................................................................ 36
Ecologische factoren ...................................................................................................................... 37
Sociale factoren ............................................................................................................................. 37
Hoorcollege 6: Optimaliteitstheorie en speltheorie (opname) ............................................................. 40
Kennisclip Foerageren met Reistijd ................................................................................................... 40
College Martijn Egas .......................................................................................................................... 40
Optimaliteitstheorie ...................................................................................................................... 40
Evolutionaire speltheorie .............................................................................................................. 42
Hoorcollege 7: Sekseallocatie, Fisher’s theory, etc. (opname) .............................................................. 45
Kennisclip Altruïsme en het Ultimatum spel ..................................................................................... 45
Altruïsme ....................................................................................................................................... 45
Ultimatum spel .............................................................................................................................. 45
College-opname Martijn Egas ........................................................................................................... 45
Sekse-allocatie ............................................................................................................................... 45
Evolutie van samenwerking en altruïsme ...................................................................................... 48
Hoorcollege 8: Kin-Selectie en Altruïsme (opname) ............................................................................. 50
Kin-selectie ........................................................................................................................................ 50
Hamilton’s regel ............................................................................................................................. 50
Evolutie van altruïsme ....................................................................................................................... 52
Directe reciprociteit ....................................................................................................................... 52
Prisoner’s dilemma ........................................................................................................................ 52
Hoorcollege 9: Evolutionaire speltheorie + oefenen (16-06) ................................................................ 55
Experiment A tijdens hoorcollege ..................................................................................................... 55
Experiment B tijdens college ............................................................................................................. 55
Evolutionaire speltheorie .................................................................................................................. 55
Introductie ..................................................................................................................................... 55
Analyses in evolutionaire speltheorie ........................................................................................... 57
Evolutionary Stable Strategies (ESS) .............................................................................................. 58
Hoorcollege 10: Evolutie van Cognitie en Redeneren (20-06)............................................................... 60
2
, Massive Modularity Thesis ................................................................................................................ 60
Modules ......................................................................................................................................... 60
Modular approach van Tooby en Cosmides .................................................................................. 60
Voorbeeld: detection of cheating .................................................................................................. 62
Tegenvragen....................................................................................................................................... 64
Bounded Rationality .......................................................................................................................... 64
Bias ................................................................................................................................................ 64
Hoorcollege 11: Evolutie van Mentale Stoornissen en Emoties (21-06) ............................................... 66
Evolutie van mentale stoornissen (hoofdstuk 18 en 19) ................................................................... 66
Ancestral neutrality ....................................................................................................................... 67
Balancing selection ........................................................................................................................ 67
Polygenic mutation-selection balance........................................................................................... 67
Evolutie van emoties (hoofdstuk 10) ................................................................................................. 69
Wat is een emotie? ........................................................................................................................ 69
Zijn emoties adaptaties? ............................................................................................................... 70
Emotietheorie van Lisa Feldman Barrett ....................................................................................... 71
Hoorcollege 12: Seksuele selectie (22-06)............................................................................................. 73
Seksuele selectie (inleiding) .............................................................................................................. 73
Anisogamie .................................................................................................................................... 73
Bateman’s principe ........................................................................................................................ 73
Seksuele selectie op gen-niveau.................................................................................................... 74
3 theorieën ........................................................................................................................................ 74
Fisher’s runaway selectie............................................................................................................... 74
Zahavi’s handicap principe ............................................................................................................ 75
Hamilton & Zuk’s parasieten theorie ............................................................................................. 75
Hoorcollege 13: Evolutie van seksueel gedrag en partnervoorkeuren (23-06) ..................................... 79
Tentamen opmerkingen .................................................................................................................... 79
College Annemie Ploeger .................................................................................................................. 79
Seksuele systemen......................................................................................................................... 79
Seksuele strategieëntheorie (heteroseksuelen) ............................................................................ 82
Partnervoorkeuren (cross-cultureel) ............................................................................................. 83
Nomologisch netwerk ........................................................................................................................... 85
3
, Hoorcollege 1: Introductie Evoltionaire Psychologie (06-06)
Let op! Het is belangrijk om ook het boek te lezen. 6 van de 12 vragen op het tentamen gaan over het
boek en de rest over de colleges.
Belangrijke stromingen
1. Behaviorisme
Behaviorisme is de studie van (dier)gedrag, met name in het laboratorium.
Hierbij waren Skinner (conditioneren met beloning) en Pavlov (klassiek conditioneren) belangrijke
personen.
John Watson zei: ‘Talent bestaat niet, alles is gedrag en beloning.’
Behaviorisme is minder populair geworden doordat men meer wilde weten over wat er zat achter het
gedrag (hersenen).
2. Ethologie
Ethologie is de studie van diergedrag, met name in het wild.
3. Cognitivisme
Cognitivisme is de studie van mentale processen die ten grondslag liggen aan gedrag.
Chomsky was hier een belangrijk persoon.
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