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Summary Alevel Biology - Protein Notes
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Alevel Biology - Protein Notes
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ProteinsProteins are made from long chains of amino acids. The monomers of proteins are amino acids.
A dipeptide chain is made when two amino acids join together. A polypeptide chain is when two
or more amino acids join. Proteins are made of many polypeptides.
All living things have a bank of 20 amino acids differed by the R group.
Amino acids are formed through condensation polymerisation to form polypeptides. A water
molecule is released and the bonds between the amino acids are called polypeptides. The
reverse reaction happens in digestion.
Water is formed in condensation polymerisation by combining an -OH from the carboxyl group
and the -H from the amine group of each amino acid which links them in with a peptide bond.
Primary The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. It is determined by
Structure DNA and the primary structure determines the ultimate shape of the protein.
Secondary The polypeptide chain does not remain flat and straight. Hydrogen bonds
Structure form in between the amino acids making it coil into an alpha helix or fold
into a beta pleated sheet. The amino acids have a -NH group and -C---O
group on each side. The -NH group has a positive charge while the O of the
C---O group has a negative charge therefore the two groups form weak
bonds called hydrogen bonds causing an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.
The hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen of the NH and oxygen of
the C=O groups,.
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