The notes provided are based on the textbook 'A Southern African Perspective on Fundamental Criminology. These notes summarise the content in the relevant chapters using colourful diagrams and charts. I created and used these notes to study for KRM 110 and achieved a distinction.
Assault with
Violent crime categories Assault Murder of police officials
intent to do GBH
Sub-types school violence
Common robbery
Robbery with
Robbery aggrivating
circumstances
home invasions
Subtypes
business robbery
,VIOLENCE AND AGGRESSION
• Aggression and violence are part of human existence
• Violence was once necessary for survival
• Aggression is not synonymous with violence (not all aggressive people
are violent people)
o predicting violent behaviour/dangerousness/aggression is
unreliable
Problems with prediction
• Difficult to predict future behaviour
o Impacts different levels of justice system
▪ Parole
• Dangerousness is not a psychiatric diagnosis
• ‘risk’ preferred over ‘dangerous’
• Defining dangerousness is challenging
• Dangerous behaviour=S
DILEMMA OF PROBABLE FUTURE VIOLENCE
• Therapists consult daily with dangerous individuals to discuss their anger
and violent thoughts
• Therapists are allowed to break confidentiality when:
o Instructed by court of law
o Justified in public interest
• Declaration of an individual as a dangerous offender
o Offender poses a threat to physical and mental health of citizens
of a society and require protection
o Once declared a dangerous criminal, parole is not an option
,MacArthur risk assessment study
• USA study
• Main finding: More people would end up in the official judicial system if
prediction was the only factor used to determine violent behaviour
o Many people who are predicted to be violent are not actually
violent
• Clinicians are likely to over-predict a person’s level of dangerousness
• Assesses risk in terms of violence and aggression
Risk Factors
These factors are used to predict violent behaviour.
Historical Disposistional Contextual
Clinical factors
variables factors variables
• employment • age • access to • psychiatric
history • mental weapons state
• criminal capability • general living • use of
record • personality arrangments narcotics
Varieties of human aggression
What violence and aggression entails
Passive aggressive behaviour generally irrelevant to violent crime
, hitting/punching WITHOUT
Direct
consent (not boxing)
Physical
practical joke, booby trap
Active
Indirect
example: pulling
someone's chair out in
class
obstruction of passage
to block others
Direct
e.g. sit ins during
Physical strikes
Passive
refusing to perform a
Indirect
necessry task
refusing to speak to
Direct
'punish' someone
Verbal refusing consent, vocal
or written
Indirect
e.g. husband refuses
to sign divorce papers
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