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Human Learning 8th Edition By Jeanne Ellis Ormrod (Test Bank)
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(Human Learning, 8e Jeanne Ellis Ormrod)(Test Bank, Answer at the end of this File)
CHAPTER 1
PERSPECTIVES ON LEARNING
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Human beings undoubtedly learn more during the course of a lifetime than any
other species on earth. The major result of this capacity to learn is that:
a. New instincts begin to emerge.
b. Human thought becomes less logical with each generation.
c. Humans can benefit from their experiences.
d. Humans are the only species whose behavior cannot be analyzed in terms
of stimuli and responses.
2. Three of the following are examples of learning. Which one is not?
a. Abigail cries when she steps on a sharp pebble.
b. After many hours of heated debate, Brian begins to advocate political
practices he has previously opposed.
c. Cara suddenly recognizes how the division fact “24 ÷ 4 = 6” is related to
the multiplication fact “6 x 4 = 24.”
d. David has been running away from German shepherds ever since he was
bitten by a German shepherd two years ago.
3. Reynelda has trouble tracing a complex shape with a pencil when she is in
kindergarten, but she can do it quite well by the time she is in second grade. Is
this an instance of learning?
a. Yes, because her behavior has changed.
b. No, because the circumstances are too dissimilar.
c. Maybe, although the change may simply be due to physiological
maturation.
d. Maybe, but only if she is being reinforced for tracing accurately.
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Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
4. Three of the following illustrate various ways that learning might be reflected in a
person’s behavior. Which one of the following changes does not necessarily
reflect learning?
a. Although it’s a school night, Dean plays video games until well past his
usual bedtime. As he becomes more tired, he finds it increasingly difficult
to concentrate on what he’s doing.
b. Even as a young child, Jerry could tell you that his grandparents
immigrated to the United States from Ireland. But after a conversation
with his grandmother, he can now describe the circumstances of the
family’s immigration in considerable detail.
c. Day after day, Martin practices his basketball skills (shooting, dribbling,
etc.) on a basketball court at a local park. With each practice session, his
movements become faster and smoother.
d. Lewis occasionally asks for help when he has difficulty with his
classwork, but most of the time he just struggles quietly on his own. After
his teacher assures him that asking for help is not a sign of weakness or
inability, he begins asking for help much more frequently.
5. _____________ research examines learning in tightly controlled settings and
___________ research examines learning in real-world settings.
a. Applied; Basic
b. Basic; Qualitative
c. Qualitative; Applied
d. Basic; Applied
6. Which of the following would be an example of a qualitative research study of
learning?
a. A researcher interviews 25 students about their experiences learning
science.
b. A researcher gives 500 students in a History course a pre-test at the
beginning of the semester, and a post-test at the end, to determine how
much they learned.
c. A researcher brings volunteers into her lab to demonstrate a new learning
strategy, and measures how well they implement the strategy on tasks that
they perform while there.
d. A researcher goes to a local middle school to demonstrate a new learning
strategy, and surveys students to determine how useful they believe the
strategy to be.
7. A principle of learning can best be characterized as:
a. A description of the results of a particular research study
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Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
b. A statement that describes how a particular factor affects learning
c. The measurement of how much learning has occurred in a particular
situation
d. An explanation of the underlying processes through which learning occurs
8. A theory of learning can best be characterized as:
a. A description of the results of a particular research study
b. A statement that describes how a particular factor affects learning
c. The measurement of how much learning has occurred in a particular
situation
d. An explanation of the underlying processes through which learning occurs
9. Three of the following are principles of learning. Which one is a theory of
learning rather than a principle?
a. A behavior that is followed by punishment decreases in frequency.
b. People learn by making mental associations between new information and
their existing knowledge.
c. A response that is rewarded every time it occurs increases more rapidly
than a response that is only occasionally rewarded.
d. Students tend to remember more of a lecture if they take notes on the
lecture’s content.
10. Which one of the following statements provides the most credible explanation for
the fact that human beings seem to surpass all other animal species in their
thinking and learning capacities?
a. Only human beings have the capability to make tools.
b. Humans communicate regularly with one another and, in doing so, pass
along what they’ve learned to future generations.
c. Human beings have a huge repertoire of instinctual behaviors from which
they can draw when they encounter new experiences.
d. Human brains are smaller than those of other intelligent species (e.g.,
elephants, dolphins) and therefore can transmit messages more quickly
and efficiently.
11. Theories are advantageous in several ways. Three of the following describe
advantages of learning theories. Which one does not?
a. Theories enable objective, unbiased reporting of research findings.
b. Theories help to condense large bodies of information.
c. Theories help practitioners design interventions that facilitate learning.
d. Theories provide an impetus for new research.
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Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
, Chapter 1 – Perspectives on Learning
12. Which one of the following statements is most accurate statement regarding
theories of learning?
a. They have been proven to be true.
b. They will eventually be replaced by physiological explanations of how
learning occurs.
c. They are often modified as new data emerge.
d. Any theory can be used to explain virtually every instance of learning.
13. The textbook’s perspective regarding various theories of learning is that:
a. Behaviorist theories are probably more accurate.
b. Cognitivist theories are probably more accurate.
c. There is currently no “right” theory, but one will eventually be developed.
d. Different theories may be applicable in different situations.
14. Three of the following represent why it is important for teachers to understand
theories and principles related to learning. Which one is not?
a. Teachers can draw on research findings to determine the effectiveness of
instructional methods and strategies
b. Teachers can maximize student learning when they understand what
factors and processes influence how students learn.
c. Teachers can help students avoid common pitfalls to learning.
d. Teachers can help prove learning theories and principles, leading to new
laws in the field of psychology.
Essay Questions
1. Sometimes we know learning has occurred because the learner engages in a new
behavior—one that he or she has never before exhibited. But other kinds of
behavior changes may also indicate that learning has taken place. Describe three
additional ways in which behavior might change as a result of learning. Give a
concrete example to illustrate each one.
2. Distinguish between principles and theories of learning, and give a specific
example of each.
3. Theories of learning have both advantages and disadvantages. Describe at least
two advantages and one disadvantage; in each case, explain the particular effect
that the advantage or disadvantage has on the advancement of our understanding
of human learning.
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Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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