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Russian Revolution
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What were the causes and outcomes of
the 1905 Revolution up to 1914?
Nature of the Tsarist regime
A. Autocratic rule by Nicholas II
Nicholas II believed in the divine right of the Tsar and resisted change
He centralized power and was against the idea of a constitutional monarchy
Poor decision-making and reliance on unsuitable advisors
B. Social pressures
Rapid industrialization led to overcrowded cities, poor living conditions, and labor
exploitation
Extreme social inequality between the nobility, middle class, and the majority
peasant population
Russian Revolution 1
, Peasants faced land shortages, high taxes, and an outdated agricultural system
C. Economic pressures
Slow economic development due to inadequate infrastructure and lack of
investment
Russia lagged behind Western European countries in industrialization and
technological advancements
Heavy reliance on agriculture made the economy vulnerable to poor harvests
and famine
D. Political pressures
Increasing demand for political reforms, including freedom of speech and a
representative government
Growing influence of political movements, such as the Social Democrats
(Bolsheviks and Mensheviks) and the Social Revolutionaries
Nationalist movements among non-Russian ethnicities demanding autonomy or
independence
Key events of the 1905 Revolution
A. Bloody Sunday
January 22, 1905
Peaceful demonstration led by Father Gapon in St. Petersburg
Demands included better working conditions, an eight-hour workday, and a
representative government
Tsar's troops fired on the crowd, resulting in hundreds of deaths and injuries
Event turned public opinion against Nicholas II and fueled further unrest
B. Wider risings
Strikes spread throughout urban centers, involving millions of workers
Peasant uprisings in rural areas due to land shortages and economic hardship
Mutinies within the military, including the Potemkin uprising in June 1905
Russian Revolution 2
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