This document contains questions and answer regarding the content of BBS2052. Tutorials, lectures (and practicals) are included in this document and this helped me pass this course easily.
Case 1
What is locomotion? Locomotion describes the movement of the body from one place to
another. The cycle pattern of these body movements are repeated
over and over and are controlled by limb and body movements that
generate propulsive forces, direction and speed of the movement
and control of posture and orientation.
What is kinematics? Kinematics describes the motion in terms of displacement, velocity
and acceleration. It’s the range of motion.
What is kinetics? Kinetic gait analysis is the study of forces created by and during
movement. This method of analysis provides a non-invasive means of
collecting objective information on the forces created between the
patient's foot and the ground during movement.
Kinetics= forces that causes the body to move.
What are spatio-temporal The spatiotemporal parameters are the speed (m/s), the step length
characteristics? (m) and the phases of the gait cycle (s)
What are the degrees of Degrees of freedom describe the ability of an object to move in
freedom? space. There are 6 degrees of freedom from which 3 for rotation and
3 for translations. The number of degrees of freedom is the number
of independent coordinates that must be specified to define the
location and orientation of the object.
What is the stance phase? It is the power stroke in which forward propulsion is initiated.
What are the phases of the 1. Heel-strike/ initial contact phase in which the heel of the foot in
stance phase? the front makes contact with the floor and therefore causes double
limb support and weight acceptance.
2. Loading support phase is when the plantar part of the foot
completely touches the ground, which is important in shock
absorption and forward progression.
3. Midstance is the phase in which the COM is shifted in front of the
stance leg and the whole body is supported by that one leg.
4. Heel-off/ terminal stance is when the heel of the stance leg is lifted
from the floor and the COM advances more in front of the
supporting leg.
5. Toe-off/ pre-swing is when the toes are pushed into the ground
and the ankle plantar flexion occurs.
What is the swing phase? The swing phase is the phase in which the leg is moved forward,
causing a forward propulsion of the body.
What are the phases of the 6. Initial swing phase is the phase in which the foot is lifted from the
swing phase? ground and dorsi flexion and knee flexion occurs.
7. Midswing is the phase in which the non-weight bearing leg passes
directly beneath the body as the hip flexes. The trunk is moved in
front of the body, over the weight-bearing leg.
8. Terminal swing is the phase in which is non-weight bearing leg
makes again contact with the ground in front of the body. The lower
limb is now ready for heel strike and prepares to accept the transfer
of body weight.
What phases of the gait Heel-strike and the pre-swing/ toe-off phase. In total is this 20%.
cycle are double support
phases?
What is the push-off phase This is the overlap between the stance and swing phase. This overlap
in the gait cycle? occurs in the terminal stance and pre-swing phase.
What is the stride? The stride contains 2 whole steps; left and right heel strike, in which
, both legs will at some point be in the stance phase and the swing
phase. Stride is whole gait cycle
What is a normal walking 0,5-2 m/s
speed?
What is a normal step 0,5-1 m
length?
What is a normal amount of 110-120 steps per minute
steps per minute?
How can you see in the gait When the stance phase does not take the 50+% of the gait cycle,
cycle if there are signs of there is something wrong.
injury or neurological
problems?
What is the ground reaction The GRF is the force of the ground on the body. It is initiated when
force? the first contact with the floor has been made. When the foot
releases from the ground at the end of the stance phase, the GRF
stops.
What is the inverted Standing can be seen as an inverted pendulum because we sway
pendulum? around the pivot point of our feet to keep the CoM within the base
of support
This is composed of a vertical and horizontal component.
- Vertical= reaction of body weight load to the ground
- Horizontal= reaction of foot pushing against the ground.
When standing still there is no horizontal force, since there is no
forward propulsion.
During the double-limb support, the vertical GRF rapidly increases as
the external load is transferred from one leg to another.
What is potential energy? The potential energy is purely based on the distance between the
point of gravity and floor. It is a type of stored energy that an object
has, because of its position to in the case of the gait, the ground.
Ep= m x g x h
The potential energy is at its peak in midstance, single-limb support
and at its minimum in double-limb support.
What is kinetic energy? Kinetic energy is the energy of an object that is moving forward.
Ekin= ½ x m x v2
This energy is at its peak in double-limb support and at its minimum
at midstance.
What are concentric Concentric contraction is when the muscle length shortens
contractions?
What are eccentric Eccentric contraction is when the muscle length increases.
contractions?
Which muscles are involved - Dorsi-flexion tibialis anterior (concentric)
in heel-strike? - Hip extension hamstrings (concentric)
- Knee extension quadriceps (concentric)
Which muscles are involved - Plantar flexion tibialis anterior (eccentric) + gastrocnemius
in loading support phase? (concentric)
- Knee extension hamstrings (eccentric) + quadriceps
(concentric)
- Hip slowly extends gluteus maximus (concentric)
- Hip abduction gluteus maximus
Which muscles are involved - Knee extension hamstrings (eccentric) + quadriceps
in midstance? (concentric)
, - Plantar flexion tibialis anterior (eccentric) +
gastrocnemius/soleus (concentric)
Which muscles are involved - Plantar flexion tibialis anterior (eccentric) + gastrocnemius
in terminal stance/ heel-off? (concentric)
- Knee extensors as rectus femorus (concentric) of the quadriceps
cause the forward propulsion.
Which muscles are involved - Plantar flexion tibialis anterior (eccentric) + gastrocnemius
in toe-off/ pre-swing? (concentric)
- Begin hip flexion iliopsoas (concentric) + quadriceps
(concentric)
- Begin knee flexion hamstrings (concentric)
Which muscles are involved - Knee flexion hamstrings (concentric)
in initial swing? - Hip flexion iliopsoas (concentric) + quadriceps (concentric)
- Dorsiflexion tibialis anterior (concentric)
Which muscles are involved - Ankle dorsiflexion, knee flexion and hip flexion proceeds.
in midswing?
Which muscles are involved - Knee extension quadriceps + hamstrings (eccentric)
in terminal swing? - Hip flexion iliopsoas + hamstrings (eccentric)
- Ankle dorsiflexion tibialis anterior
What are central pattern Small scale neural networks located in the spinal cord that generate
generators? locomotor patterns in the absence of sensory input/ feedback.
What do CPGs implement? CPGs implement muscle synergies, which generate locomotion.
These muscle synergies are activated alone or together in order to
cause forward propulsion rhythmically.
What are the different Synergy 1: hip/ knee extensors and hip abductor for body stability
muscle synergies? Synergy 2: knee extensors and plantarflexion for forward propulsion
Synergy 3: tibialis anterior for dorsiflexion during heel-strike and
early swing
Synergy 4: hamstrings for decelerating the leg in late swing and
forward propulsion in early stance.
Synergy 5: hip flexors adds energy to the leg during pre-swing
What are the locomotor 1. Diencephalon – subthalamic locomotor region (SLR)
regions of the brain? - Part of the hypothalamus. It activates the spinal locomotor
networks both directly and indirectly via the MLR.
2. Mesencephalon – mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR)
- Located within the midbrain and receives input from the
premotor cortex, limbic system, cerebellum, hypothalamus and
other parts of the brainstem. These neurons connect to other
neurons within the mesencephalic reticular formation, which
then descend via the ventrolateral funiculus to the spinal
locomotor networks.
3. Cerebellum – cerebellar locomotor region (CLR)
- The CLR activates the reticulo-spinal locomotor pathway via
direct and indirect projections.
Why is sensory and CPGs can operate without these input send to them, but for specific
supraspinal input needed for time and activation of the movements these input patterns are
CPGs to generate perfect needed to generate rhythmic motions.
motions?
What is the supraspinal - The MLR relays info via medial reticular formation (brainstem).
regulation of movements? Axons descend in ventral reticulospinal pathways and activate
CPGs to initiate locomotor activity.
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