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  3. Artesis Plantijn Hogeschool Antwerpen (Artesis)
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Samenvatting Hulp nodig? - Mens en gezondheid 2
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  • Course
  • Mens En Gezondheid 2
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  • Artesis Plantijn Hogeschool Antwerpen (Artesis)
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  • Psychiatrie, een inleiding

Dit is een samenvatting van het vak Mens en gezondheid 2 gegeven in het academiejaar . Dit is een samenvatting van de slides, gekoppeld aan lesnotities en het handboek 'Psychiatrie een inleiding'.

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  • Yes
  • June 29, 2023
  • June 30, 2023
  • 88
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary

Subjects

  • classificatiesystemen
  • angststoornissen
  • stemmingsstoornissen
  • eetstoornissen
  • seksualiteitsstoornissen
  • persoonli
  • obsessief compulsieve stoornis
  • middelgerelateerde stoornissen
  • schizofreniespectrumstoornis

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  • Artesis Plantijn Hogeschool Antwerpen (Artesis)
  • Bachelor In De Toegepaste Psychologie
  • Mens En Gezondheid 2
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MENS EN
GEZONDHEID 2
Samenvatting psychiatrie een inleiding




Carion Jente

,Inhoudsopgave
1. Introductie............................................................................................................................................................. 8
1.1 Psychopathologie.........................................................................................................................................................8
1.2 Symptoom, syndroom en comorbiditeit......................................................................................................................8
1.3 Wat is (ab)normaal gedrag?........................................................................................................................................8
1.4 De psychodiagnostische cyclus....................................................................................................................................8
1.4.1 Stappen van de cyclus..........................................................................................................................................8
1.4.2 Het stellen van een diagnose...............................................................................................................................9

2. Visies en stromingen............................................................................................................................................. 10
2.1 Perspectieven.............................................................................................................................................................10
2.1.1 Biologisch perspectief........................................................................................................................................10
2.1.2 Psychologisch perspectief..................................................................................................................................10
2.1.3 Sociaal-cultureel perspectief..............................................................................................................................10
2.1.4 Biopsychosociaal perspectief.............................................................................................................................10
2.2 Psychologische behandelmethoden..........................................................................................................................11
2.2.1 Psychoanalyse en psychodynamische theorie...................................................................................................11
2.2.2 Gedragstherapie.................................................................................................................................................12
2.2.3 Cliëntgerichte therapie......................................................................................................................................12
2.2.4 Systeemtherapie................................................................................................................................................13

3. Classificatiesystemen............................................................................................................................................ 13
3.1 Soorten classificatiesystemen....................................................................................................................................13
3.2 DSM-V........................................................................................................................................................................13
3.2.1 Voordelen...........................................................................................................................................................14
3.2.2 Nadelen..............................................................................................................................................................14
3.2.3 Hokjesdenken.....................................................................................................................................................14
3.3 De diagnose is gevallen, wat nu?..............................................................................................................................14

4. Traumatische en stressgerelateerde stoornissen................................................................................................... 15
4.1 Stress..........................................................................................................................................................................15
4.1.1 Wat is stress?.....................................................................................................................................................15
4.1.2 Effecten van stress.............................................................................................................................................15
4.2 Soorten stressstoornissen..........................................................................................................................................16
4.2.1 Aanpassingsstoornis...........................................................................................................................................16
4.2.2 Acute stressstoornis...........................................................................................................................................16
4.2.3 Posttraumatische stressstoornis........................................................................................................................17
4.2.4 Complexe posttraumatische stoornis................................................................................................................18
4.3 Oorzaken....................................................................................................................................................................18
4.4 Risico- en beschermende factoren.............................................................................................................................19
4.4.1 Risicofactoren.....................................................................................................................................................19
4.4.2 Protectieve factoren..........................................................................................................................................19
4.5 Behandelingen...........................................................................................................................................................19
4.5.1 Psychologische interventies...............................................................................................................................19
4.5.2 Biologische interventies.....................................................................................................................................20
4.5.3 Aandachtspunten...............................................................................................................................................20
4.6 Extra informatie.........................................................................................................................................................20

1

,5. Angststoornissen.................................................................................................................................................. 20
5.1 Angst of een stoornis?...............................................................................................................................................20
5.2 Soorten angststoornissen..........................................................................................................................................21
5.2.1 Paniekstoornis....................................................................................................................................................21
5.2.2 Gegeneraliseerde angststoornis........................................................................................................................22
5.2.3 Specifieke fobie..................................................................................................................................................22
5.2.4 Sociale angststoornis..........................................................................................................................................23
5.2.5 Agorafobie..........................................................................................................................................................23
5.3 Oorzaken....................................................................................................................................................................24
5.4 Behandelingen...........................................................................................................................................................24
5.4.1 Psychologische interventies...............................................................................................................................24
5.4.2 Biologische interventies.....................................................................................................................................24

6. Obsessief compulsieve en verwante stoornissen................................................................................................... 25
6.1 Wat is het?.................................................................................................................................................................25
6.2 Kenmerken/symptomen............................................................................................................................................25
6.2.1 Criteria DSM.......................................................................................................................................................25
6.2.2 Verschil obsessie en compulsie..........................................................................................................................26
6.3 Oorzaken....................................................................................................................................................................26
6.4 Behandelingen...........................................................................................................................................................27
6.4.1 Psychologische interventies...............................................................................................................................27
6.4.2 Biologische interventies.....................................................................................................................................27
6.5 Prognose....................................................................................................................................................................27
6.6 Verwante stoornissen................................................................................................................................................28

7. Stemmingsstoornissen en suïcide......................................................................................................................... 28
7.1 Depressie....................................................................................................................................................................29
7.1.1 Depressie, een gewoonte?.................................................................................................................................29
7.1.2 Kenmerken/symptomen....................................................................................................................................29
7.1.3 Soorten...............................................................................................................................................................30
7.1.4 Stellen van een diagnose...................................................................................................................................30
7.1.5 Oorzaken en risicofactoren................................................................................................................................31
7.1.6 Behandelingen...................................................................................................................................................32
7.1.7 Prognose en comorbiditeit.................................................................................................................................33
7.2 Bipolaire stoornis.......................................................................................................................................................33
7.2.1 Kenmerken/symptomen....................................................................................................................................33
7.2.2 Soorten...............................................................................................................................................................34
7.2.3 Stellen van een diagnose...................................................................................................................................34
7.2.4 Risicofactoren.....................................................................................................................................................35
7.2.5 Verhoogd risico op suïcide.................................................................................................................................35
7.2.6 Behandelingen...................................................................................................................................................36
7.2.7 Comorbiditeit.....................................................................................................................................................36

8. Middel gerelateerde en verslavingsstoornissen..................................................................................................... 37
8.1 Basis van een verslavingsstoornis..............................................................................................................................37
8.1.1 Onderscheid volgens DSM.................................................................................................................................37
8.1.2 Middelen............................................................................................................................................................37
8.1.4 Afhankelijkheid...................................................................................................................................................38
8.1.5 Oorzaken............................................................................................................................................................39
8.2 Middel gerelateerde stoornissen...............................................................................................................................40

2

, 8.2.1 Stoornissen door het gebruik.............................................................................................................................40
8.2.2 Stoornissen in het gebruik.................................................................................................................................40
8.3 Niet-middel gerelateerde stoornissen.......................................................................................................................40
8.3.1 Soorten...............................................................................................................................................................41
8.3.2 Gokstoornis........................................................................................................................................................41
8.4 Behandelingen...........................................................................................................................................................41
8.4.1 Behandelvormen................................................................................................................................................41
8.4.2 Behandeltechnieken..........................................................................................................................................41
8.5 Terugvalpreventie......................................................................................................................................................42

9. Voedings- en eetstoornissen................................................................................................................................. 43
9.1 Normaal vs niet normaal...........................................................................................................................................43
9.2 Kenmerken/symptomen............................................................................................................................................44
9.3 Soorten.......................................................................................................................................................................44
9.3.1 Anorexia Nervosa...............................................................................................................................................44
9.3.2 Boulimia Nervosa...............................................................................................................................................45
9.3.3 Eetbuistoornis....................................................................................................................................................45
9.4 Oorzaken....................................................................................................................................................................46
9.5 Stellen van een diagnose...........................................................................................................................................46
9.5.1 Signalen..............................................................................................................................................................46
9.5.2 Diagnose stellen.................................................................................................................................................46
9.6 Behandelingen...........................................................................................................................................................47
9.6.1 Psychologische interventies...............................................................................................................................47
9.6.2 Biologische interventies.....................................................................................................................................47
9.7 Prevalentie, comorbiditeit en prognose....................................................................................................................47

10. Genderdysforie en seksualiteitsstoornissen........................................................................................................ 48
10.1 Genderdysforie........................................................................................................................................................48
10.1.1 Genderkoek......................................................................................................................................................48
10.1.2 Wat is het?.......................................................................................................................................................48
10.1.3 Kenmerken.......................................................................................................................................................48
10.1.4 Verloop.............................................................................................................................................................48
10.1.5 Begeleiding.......................................................................................................................................................49
10.2 Seksuele disfuncties.................................................................................................................................................50
10.2.1 Wat is het?.......................................................................................................................................................50
10.2.2 Seksuele responscyclus....................................................................................................................................50
10.2.3 Categorieën van seksuele disfuncties..............................................................................................................50
10.2.4 Oorzaken..........................................................................................................................................................50
10.2.5 Stellen van een diagnose.................................................................................................................................50
10.2.6 Soorten.............................................................................................................................................................51
10.2.7 Kenmerken.......................................................................................................................................................52
10.2.8 Behandelingen.................................................................................................................................................52
10.3 Parafilie en parafiele stoornissen............................................................................................................................52
10.3.1 Wat is het?.......................................................................................................................................................52
10.3.2 Soorten.............................................................................................................................................................53
10.3.3 Oorzaken..........................................................................................................................................................53
10.3.4 Stellen van een diagnose.................................................................................................................................53
10.3.5 Behandelingen.................................................................................................................................................54

11. Schizofreniespectrumstoornissen........................................................................................................................ 54


3

, 11.1 Kenmerken/symptomen..........................................................................................................................................54
11.1.1 Criteria DSM.....................................................................................................................................................55
11.1.2 Specifieke signalen...........................................................................................................................................55
11.1.3 Wanen en hallucinaties....................................................................................................................................55
11.2 Soorten.....................................................................................................................................................................56
11.3 Ontstaan en verloop................................................................................................................................................56
11.4 Oorzaken..................................................................................................................................................................56
11.5 Stellen van een diagnose.........................................................................................................................................57
11.5.1 Diagnose...........................................................................................................................................................57
11.5.2 Prevalentie.......................................................................................................................................................57
11.6 Behandelingen.........................................................................................................................................................57
11.6.1 Psychologische interventies.............................................................................................................................57
11.6.2 Biologische interventies...................................................................................................................................57
11.7 Cultuur.....................................................................................................................................................................58
11.8 Prognose en comorbiditeit.......................................................................................................................................58

12. Persoonlijkheidsstoornissen................................................................................................................................ 59
12.1 Soorten persoonlijkheidsstoornissen.......................................................................................................................59
12.1.1 Criteria DSM.....................................................................................................................................................59
12.1.2 Clusters.............................................................................................................................................................59
12.2 Persoonlijkheidsstoornis cluster A...........................................................................................................................60
12.1.1 Paranoïde persoonlijkheidsstoornis.................................................................................................................60
12.1.2 Schizoïde persoonlijkheidsstoornis..................................................................................................................60
12.1.3 Schizotypische persoonlijkheidsstoornis.........................................................................................................61
12.3 Persoonlijkheidsstoornis cluster B...........................................................................................................................61
12.3.1 Antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis...............................................................................................................61
12.3.2 Borderline persoonlijkheidsstoornis................................................................................................................62
12.3.3 Histrionische persoonlijkheidsstoornis............................................................................................................63
12.3.4 Narcistische persoonlijkheidsstoornis.............................................................................................................63
12.4 Persoonlijkheidsstoornis cluster C...........................................................................................................................63
12.4.1 Vermijdende persoonlijkheidsstoornis............................................................................................................64
12.4.2 Afhankelijke persoonlijkheidsstoornis.............................................................................................................64
12.4.3 Dwangmatige persoonlijkheidsstoornis...........................................................................................................64
12.5 Oorzaken..................................................................................................................................................................65
12.6 Stellen van een diagnose.........................................................................................................................................65
12.6.1 Stappen............................................................................................................................................................65
12.6.2 Prevalentie.......................................................................................................................................................65
12.7 Behandelingen.........................................................................................................................................................66
12.7.1 Psychologische interventies.............................................................................................................................66
12.7.2 Biologische interventie.....................................................................................................................................66
12.8 Kort samengevat......................................................................................................................................................66

13. Neurocognitieve stoornissen............................................................................................................................... 67
13.1 Wat is het?...............................................................................................................................................................67
13.2 Onderscheid volgens DSM-V....................................................................................................................................68
13.3 Delirium...................................................................................................................................................................68
13.3.1 Wat is het?.......................................................................................................................................................68
13.3.2 Kenmerken/symptomen..................................................................................................................................68

4

, 13.3.3 Oorzaken..........................................................................................................................................................68
13.3.4 Ernst.................................................................................................................................................................69
13.3.5 Prevalentie.......................................................................................................................................................69
13.3.6 Verloop.............................................................................................................................................................69
13.3.7 Stellen van een diagnose.................................................................................................................................69
13.3.8 Behandelingen.................................................................................................................................................69
13.3.9 Preventie..........................................................................................................................................................70
13.4 Uitgebreide neurocognitieve stoornis.....................................................................................................................70
13.4.1 Wat is het?.......................................................................................................................................................70
13.4.2 Kenmerken/symptomen..................................................................................................................................70
13.4.3 Verloop.............................................................................................................................................................71
13.4.4 Leeftijd van dementie......................................................................................................................................71
13.4.5 Prevalentie.......................................................................................................................................................71
13.5 Beperkte neurocognitieve stoornis..........................................................................................................................71
13.5.1 Wat is het?.......................................................................................................................................................71
13.5.2 Kenmerken/symptomen..................................................................................................................................72
13.6 Subtypen van de uitgebreide en beperkte cognitieve stoornissen..........................................................................72
13.6.1 Neurocognitieve stoornis door ziekte van Alzheimer......................................................................................72
13.6.2 Vasculaire neurocognitieve stoornis................................................................................................................73
13.6.3 Fronto-temporale neurocognitieve stoornis...................................................................................................73
13.6.4 Neurocognitieve stoornis met Lewylichaampjes.............................................................................................73
13.6.5 Neurocognitieve stoornis door de ziekte van Parkinson.................................................................................74
13.7 Stellen van een diagnose.........................................................................................................................................74
13.7.1 Stappen............................................................................................................................................................74
13.7.2 Differentiële diagnostiek..................................................................................................................................75
13.8 Behandelingen.........................................................................................................................................................75
13.8.1 Psychologische interventies.............................................................................................................................75
13.8.2 Biologische interventies...................................................................................................................................75
13.9 Preventie..................................................................................................................................................................75
13.10 Extra informatie.....................................................................................................................................................75

14. Niet aangeboren hersenaandoeningen................................................................................................................ 76
14.1 Wat is het?...............................................................................................................................................................76
14.2 Gevolgen..................................................................................................................................................................76
14.3 Soorten.....................................................................................................................................................................76
14.3.1 Hersenberoerte................................................................................................................................................76
14.3.2 Traumatisch hersenletsel.................................................................................................................................77
14.3.3 Zuurstoftekort..................................................................................................................................................77
14.3.4 Hersenziekte.....................................................................................................................................................77
14.4 Stellen van een diagnose.........................................................................................................................................77
14.5 Behandelingen.........................................................................................................................................................78
14.6 Preventie..................................................................................................................................................................78

15. Slaap- en waakstoornissen.................................................................................................................................. 79
15.1 Normale of problematische slaap............................................................................................................................79
15.2 Klachten/symptomen..............................................................................................................................................79
15.3 Soorten.....................................................................................................................................................................79
15.4 Stellen van een diagnose.........................................................................................................................................82


5

, 15.5 Behandelingen.........................................................................................................................................................82
15.5.1 Psychologische interventies.............................................................................................................................82
15.5.2 Biologische interventies...................................................................................................................................83
15.6 Prevalentie en comorbiditeit...................................................................................................................................83

16. Huidige internationale tendensen....................................................................................................................... 83
16.1 Meer aandacht voor mentale gezondheid..............................................................................................................84
16.1.1 Taboe of niet?..................................................................................................................................................84
16.1.2 Spreken over mentale gezondheid..................................................................................................................84
16.2.1 Evidence based.................................................................................................................................................84
16.2.2 Practice based evidence...................................................................................................................................85
16.2.3 Waarom zo belangrijk?....................................................................................................................................85
16.3 Terugbetaling psychologische begeleiding..............................................................................................................85
16.3.1 Nederland.........................................................................................................................................................85
16.3.2 België................................................................................................................................................................86
16.4 Werken met ervaringsdeskundigen.........................................................................................................................86
16.5 Outcome monitoring...............................................................................................................................................86
16.5.1 Wat is het?.......................................................................................................................................................87
16.5.2 Hoe?.................................................................................................................................................................87
16.5.3 Nuance.............................................................................................................................................................87




6

,Leerdoelen




7

,1. Introductie
Psychiater - diagnoses en
1.1 Psychopathologie medicatie
Psychotherapeut -
Psychopathologie = deelgebied van de psychiatrie en de psychologie dat zich
bezighoudt met het
beschrijven van psychische stoornissen, de oorzaken en
behandelingen ervan.

 Focus op afwijkende emoties, gedachten en gedrag

1.2 Symptoom, syndroom en comorbiditeit

1. Symptoom – lichamelijke of psychische klacht als uiting van een
onderliggend probleem.
2. Syndroom – een verzameling van symptomen/klachten.
3. Comorbiditeit – het samen voorkomen van verschillende
syndromen/stoornissen.

1.3 Wat is (ab)normaal gedrag?

Criteria om te bepalen of gedrag, gevoelens of gedachten normaal of abnormaal
zijn
1. Uitzonderlijk – komt niet vaak voor bij mensen (vb: niet iedereen hoort
stemmen).
2. Sociaal afwijkend – wijkt af van de normen die gelden in een bepaalde
cultuur.
3. Foute interpretatie realiteit – geen voeling met realiteit (vb: hallucineren).
4. Aanzienlijk emotioneel lijden – emoties behouden hun sterkte (vb:
angststoornis).
5. Ongepast/contraproductief gedrag – belemmerend gedrag (vb: 5x handen
wassen/uur).
6. Gevaar – voor zichzelf of anderen (vb: zelfbeschadiging, agressie …).

 Door deze criteria kan je minder goed functioneren in de maatschappij (werk,
school, vrije tijd …).

Belangrijk om rekening te houden met culturele verschillen. Wat in de ene
cultuur als normaal wordt beschouwd, wordt dat in de andere niet. Vaak ook
tijdsgebonden want wat vroeger abnormaal was (vb: homoseksualiteit), is dat
nu niet meer.

1.4 De psychodiagnostische cyclus

1.4.1 Stappen van de cyclus

1. Aanmelding – controleren ontvankelijkheid


8

, 2. Inventariseren - verhelderen van klachten/symptomen
3. Hulpvraag – structureren van verwachtingen
4. Probleemdefinitie – onderkennen van probleem (wat?)
5. Verklaren – onderzoeken van verklaring/oorzaak (waarom?)
6. Mogelijkheden – indiceren (hoe?)
7. Advies – motiveren en activeren van cliënt om keuze te maken

Stappen die je doorloopt om uiteindelijk tot een diagnose en
behandeling/begeleiding te komen.

1.4.2 Het stellen van een diagnose

Kwalitatief Kwantitatief
Informatie verkregen via Informatie verkregen via vragenlijsten
interviews/gesprekken en tests
- Met cliënt = anamnese (vaak interview aan vooraf gegaan)
- Met betrokkenen =
heteroanamnese




9

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