Dit is een samenvatting van het vak Mens en Leren 2 gegeven in het academiejaar . Dit is een samenvatting van de slides, gekoppeld aan lesnotities en het handboek 'Wijzer in ontwikkelingsstoornissen'.
,Inhoudsopgave
1. HGW en HGD............................................................................................................................................. 9
1.1 Afkortingen.....................................................................................................................................................9
1.2 Proces van HGD..............................................................................................................................................9
1.3 De uitgangspunten van HGW.........................................................................................................................9
4. Ontwikkelingsstoornis of probleem?........................................................................................................ 10
5. Autismespectrumstoornis........................................................................................................................ 11
5.1 Wat is het?...................................................................................................................................................11
5.2 Kenmerken...................................................................................................................................................11
5.2.1 Primaire gedragskenmerken................................................................................................................11
5.2.2 Secundaire gedragskenmerken............................................................................................................12
5.2.3 Neuropsychologische kenmerken........................................................................................................12
5.3 Types............................................................................................................................................................13
5.4 Prevalentie en comorbiditeit........................................................................................................................13
5.5 Beloop en prognose......................................................................................................................................13
5.6 Oorzaken......................................................................................................................................................13
5.7 Diagnostiek...................................................................................................................................................14
5.7.1 Criteria DSM-5......................................................................................................................................14
5.7.2 Specifieke instrumenten.......................................................................................................................14
5.7.3 Moeilijke differentiaaldiagnostiek........................................................................................................15
5.7.4 Handelingsgerichte diagnostiek...........................................................................................................15
5.8 Begeleiding...................................................................................................................................................15
5.8.1 Farmacotherapie..................................................................................................................................15
5.8.2 Functietraining of vaardigheidstraining...............................................................................................15
5.8.3 Psychosociale begeleiding....................................................................................................................16
5.8.4 Aanpassingen in de sociale en fysieke context....................................................................................16
5.9 Communicatie..............................................................................................................................................16
5.10 Organisatie van activiteiten.......................................................................................................................17
5.11 Ondersteuningsvormen..............................................................................................................................17
5.12 Verschillen en overeenkomsten.................................................................................................................17
5.13 ASS bij volwassenen...................................................................................................................................18
5.13.1 Kenmerken..........................................................................................................................................18
5.13.2 Seksuele ontwikkeling........................................................................................................................18
5.13.3 Executieve functies.............................................................................................................................18
5.13.4 Diagnostiek.........................................................................................................................................19
5.13.5 Begeleiding.........................................................................................................................................19
1
, 5.13.6 Waar rekening mee houden?.............................................................................................................20
6. Aandachtsdefficiëntie- en hyperactiviteitsstoornis....................................................................................20
6.1 Wat is het?...................................................................................................................................................20
6.2 Kenmerken...................................................................................................................................................20
6.2.1 Primaire gedragskenmerken................................................................................................................20
6.2.2 Secundaire gedragskenmerken............................................................................................................21
6.2.3 Neuropsychologische kenmerken........................................................................................................21
6.3 Types............................................................................................................................................................22
6.4 Prevalentie en comorbiditeit........................................................................................................................22
6.5 Beloop en prognose......................................................................................................................................22
6.6 Oorzaken......................................................................................................................................................23
6.7 Diagnostiek...................................................................................................................................................23
6.7.1 Criteria DSM-5......................................................................................................................................23
6.7.2 Specifieke instrumenten.......................................................................................................................24
6.7.3 Moeilijke differentiaaldiagnostiek........................................................................................................24
6.7.4 Handelingsgerichte diagnostiek...........................................................................................................24
6.8 Begeleiding...................................................................................................................................................24
6.8.1 Beslisboom............................................................................................................................................25
6.8.2 Farmacotherapie..................................................................................................................................25
6.8.3 Functietraining of vaardigheidstraining...............................................................................................25
6.8.4 Psychosociale begeleiding....................................................................................................................26
6.8.5 Aanpassingen in de sociale en fysieke context....................................................................................26
6.9 Tips voor ouders en leerkrachten.................................................................................................................26
6.10 Ondersteuningsvormen..............................................................................................................................27
6.11 ADHD bij volwassenen................................................................................................................................27
6.11.1 Gaat het over?....................................................................................................................................27
6.11.2 Kenmerken..........................................................................................................................................27
6.11.3 Comorbiditeit......................................................................................................................................27
6.11.4 Relaties en seksualiteit.......................................................................................................................27
6.11.5 Gezin...................................................................................................................................................28
6.11.6 Werk...................................................................................................................................................28
6.11.7 Diagnostiek.........................................................................................................................................28
6.11.8 Begeleiding.........................................................................................................................................28
6.11.9 Waar rekening mee houden?.............................................................................................................29
7. Disruptieve- of gedragsstoornissen........................................................................................................... 29
7.1 Oppositioneel opstandige gedragsstoornis..................................................................................................29
7.1.1 Kenmerken............................................................................................................................................29
7.1.2 Leeftijd van ontstaan............................................................................................................................30
7.1.3 Comorbiditeit en prevalentie...............................................................................................................30
7.1.4 Risico- en beschermende factoren.......................................................................................................30
7.2 Normoverschrijdende gedragsstoornis........................................................................................................31
7.2.1 Kenmerken............................................................................................................................................31
7.2.2 Leeftijd van ontstaan............................................................................................................................31
7.2.3 Comorbiditeit en prevalentie...............................................................................................................31
7.3 Diagnostiek...................................................................................................................................................32
7.3.1 Procedure.............................................................................................................................................32
7.3.2 Specifieke instrumenten.......................................................................................................................32
7.4 Begeleiding...................................................................................................................................................32
2
, 7.4.1 Focus.....................................................................................................................................................32
7.4.2 Mogelijkheden......................................................................................................................................33
7.5 Disruptieve stoornis in de klas......................................................................................................................33
7.6 Conflicten......................................................................................................................................................33
7.7 Gevolgen.......................................................................................................................................................34
7.7.1 Voor kind...............................................................................................................................................34
7.7.2 Voor klasgroep......................................................................................................................................34
7.7.3 Voor leerkracht.....................................................................................................................................34
7.7.4 Voor ouders..........................................................................................................................................34
8. Hechtingsstoornis en hechtingsproblemen............................................................................................... 35
8.1 Hechting.......................................................................................................................................................35
8.1.1 Huilen als communicatiemiddel...........................................................................................................36
8.1.2 Hechtingstheorie van Bowlby...............................................................................................................36
8.1.3 Soorten gehechtheid............................................................................................................................36
8.1.4 Waarom het zo belangrijk is.................................................................................................................36
8.2 Hechtingsstoornissen...................................................................................................................................36
8.2.1 Kenmerken............................................................................................................................................37
8.2.2 Volgens de DSM....................................................................................................................................37
8.2.3 Prevalentie............................................................................................................................................38
8.2.4 Diagnostiek...........................................................................................................................................38
8.2.5 Risicofactoren voor onveilige hechting................................................................................................38
8.2.6 Gevolgen van onveilige hechting..........................................................................................................38
8.2.7 Gedrag in de klas..................................................................................................................................39
8.2.8 Begeleiding...........................................................................................................................................40
9. Gedragsproblemen door externe factoren................................................................................................41
9.1 Gedragsproblemen door verlieservaringen..................................................................................................41
9.1.1 Doodsbegrip..........................................................................................................................................41
9.1.2 Kenmerken rouwende kinderen...........................................................................................................41
9.1.3 Hoe mee omgaan?................................................................................................................................42
9.2 Gedragsproblemen door mishandeling........................................................................................................42
9.2.1 Soorten mishandeling...........................................................................................................................42
9.2.2 Gevolgen...............................................................................................................................................42
9.2.3 Risicofactoren.......................................................................................................................................42
9.2.4 Hoe mee omgaan?................................................................................................................................43
9.3 Gedragsproblemen door misbruik................................................................................................................43
9.3.1 Gevolgen...............................................................................................................................................43
9.3.2 Hoe mee omgaan?................................................................................................................................43
9.4 Gedragsproblemen door trauma.................................................................................................................43
9.4.1 Oorzaken...............................................................................................................................................44
9.4.2 Kenmerken PTSS bij kinderen...............................................................................................................44
9.4.3 Diagnostiek...........................................................................................................................................44
9.4.4 Hoe mee omgaan?................................................................................................................................44
9.5 Window of tolerance....................................................................................................................................45
10. Agressie................................................................................................................................................. 45
10.1 Wat is het?.................................................................................................................................................45
10.2 Soorten agressie.........................................................................................................................................45
10.3 Oorzaken....................................................................................................................................................46
3
, 10.4 Fasen van agressie.....................................................................................................................................46
10.5 Veranderingen in agressie..........................................................................................................................47
10.6 Hoe mee omgaan?.....................................................................................................................................47
10.6.1 Preventief...........................................................................................................................................47
10.6.2 Curatief...............................................................................................................................................47
10.6.3 Bij hardnekkige problemen................................................................................................................48
11. Leerstoornissen...................................................................................................................................... 48
11.1 Een stoornis, een probleem of moeilijkheid?.............................................................................................49
11.2 DSM-5.........................................................................................................................................................49
11.3 Dyslexie.......................................................................................................................................................49
11.3.1 Wat is het?..........................................................................................................................................49
11.3.2 Hoe leert een kind lezen en schrijven?...............................................................................................49
11.3.3 Kenmerken..........................................................................................................................................50
11.3.4 Fenotypes...........................................................................................................................................51
11.3.5 Prevalentie en comorbiditeit..............................................................................................................51
11.3.6 Beloop en prognose............................................................................................................................51
11.3.7 Beschermende- en risicofactoren.......................................................................................................51
11.3.8 Oorzaken.............................................................................................................................................52
11.4 Dyscalculie..................................................................................................................................................52
11.4.1 Wat is het?..........................................................................................................................................52
11.4.2 Hoe leert een kind rekenen?..............................................................................................................52
11.4.3 Kenmerken..........................................................................................................................................52
11.4.4 Fenotypes...........................................................................................................................................53
11.4.5 Prevalentie en comorbiditeit..............................................................................................................54
11.4.6 Beloop en prognose............................................................................................................................54
11.4.7 Beschermende- en risicofactoren.......................................................................................................54
11.4.8 Oorzaken.............................................................................................................................................54
11.5 Diagnostiek.................................................................................................................................................54
11.5.1 Onderkennende diagnostiek..............................................................................................................54
11.5.2 Verklarende diagnostiek.....................................................................................................................56
11.5.3 Handelingsgerichte diagnostiek.........................................................................................................56
11.6 Begeleiding.................................................................................................................................................56
11.6.1 Farmacotherapie................................................................................................................................57
11.6.2 Functietraining of vaardigheidstraining.............................................................................................57
11.6.3 Psychosociale begeleiding..................................................................................................................57
11.6.4 Aanpassingen in de sociale en fysieke context..................................................................................58
11.6.5 Tips voor ouders en leerkrachten.......................................................................................................58
11.7 Non-Verbal Learning Disability..................................................................................................................58
11.7.1 Kenmerken..........................................................................................................................................59
11.7.2 Prevalentie en comorbiditeit..............................................................................................................59
11.7.3 Wat merk je in de klas?......................................................................................................................59
11.7.4 Begeleiding.........................................................................................................................................59
12. Coördinatieontwikkelingsstoornis.......................................................................................................... 60
12.1 Wat is het?.................................................................................................................................................60
12.2 Kenmerken.................................................................................................................................................60
12.2.1 Primaire gedragskenmerken..............................................................................................................60
12.2.2 Secundaire gedragskenmerken..........................................................................................................60
12.3 Prevalentie en comorbiditeit......................................................................................................................61
12.4 Beloop en prognose....................................................................................................................................61
4
, 12.5 Oorzaken....................................................................................................................................................61
12.6 Diagnostiek.................................................................................................................................................61
12.6.1 Diagnose.............................................................................................................................................61
12.6.2 Specifiek instrument...........................................................................................................................61
12.7 Begeleiding.................................................................................................................................................62
12.7.1 Functietraining of vaardigheidstraining.............................................................................................62
12.7.2 Psychosociale begeleiding..................................................................................................................62
12.7.3 Aanpassingen in de sociale en fysieke context..................................................................................62
12.8 Tips voor ouders en leerkrachten...............................................................................................................63
13. Ticstoornissen........................................................................................................................................ 63
13.1 Wat is het?.................................................................................................................................................63
13.2 Kenmerken.................................................................................................................................................63
13.2.1 Primaire gedragskenmerken..............................................................................................................63
13.2.2 Secundaire gedragskenmerken..........................................................................................................64
13.3 Fluctuerend verloop van de tics.................................................................................................................64
13.4 Fenotypes...................................................................................................................................................65
13.5 Prevalentie en comorbiditeit......................................................................................................................65
13.6 Beloop en prognose....................................................................................................................................65
13.7 Oorzaken....................................................................................................................................................65
13.8 Diagnostiek.................................................................................................................................................66
13.9 Begeleiding.................................................................................................................................................66
13.9.1 Farmacotherapie................................................................................................................................66
13.9.2 Vaardigheidstraining...........................................................................................................................66
13.9.3 Psychosociale begeleiding..................................................................................................................66
13.9.4 Aanpassingen in de sociale en fysieke context..................................................................................66
13.10 Tips voor ouders en leerkrachten.............................................................................................................67
14. Faalangst................................................................................................................................................ 67
14.1 Wat is het?.................................................................................................................................................67
14.2 Soorten faalangst.......................................................................................................................................68
14.2.1 Positief of negatief?............................................................................................................................68
14.2.2 Soorten negatieve faalangst...............................................................................................................68
14.3 Oorzaken....................................................................................................................................................69
14.4 Gevolgen....................................................................................................................................................69
14.5 Prevalentie.................................................................................................................................................69
14.6 Herkennen van faalangst...........................................................................................................................69
14.6.1 Wanneer ervaren kinderen faalangst?...............................................................................................69
14.6.2 Kenmerken of signalen.......................................................................................................................70
14.7 Hoe mee omgaan?.....................................................................................................................................70
14.8 Wanneer doorverwijzen?...........................................................................................................................70
14.9 Tips voor ouders en leerkrachten...............................................................................................................70
15. Selectief mutisme................................................................................................................................... 71
15.1 Wat is het?.................................................................................................................................................71
5
, 15.2 Kenmerken.................................................................................................................................................71
Criteria DSM...................................................................................................................................................71
15.3 Oorzaken....................................................................................................................................................71
15.4 Prevalentie en comorbiditeit......................................................................................................................72
15.5 Prognose.....................................................................................................................................................72
15.6 Hoe mee omgaan?.....................................................................................................................................72
16. Spraak- en taalontwikkelingsstoornissen................................................................................................73
16.1 Wat is het?.................................................................................................................................................73
16.1.1 Definitie..............................................................................................................................................73
16.1.2 Componenten van taal.......................................................................................................................73
16.2 Kenmerken.................................................................................................................................................73
16.2.1 Primaire gedragskenmerken..............................................................................................................74
16.2.2 Secundaire gedragskenmerken..........................................................................................................74
16.2.3 Neuropsychologische gedragskenmerken..........................................................................................74
16.3 Soorten.......................................................................................................................................................74
16.3.1 Taal(ontwikkeling)stoornis.................................................................................................................74
16.3.2 Spraakklankstoornis............................................................................................................................75
16.3.3 Sociaal (pragmatische) communicatiestoornis...................................................................................75
16.4 Prevalentie en comorbiditeit......................................................................................................................75
16.5 Beloop en prognose....................................................................................................................................75
16.6 Oorzaken....................................................................................................................................................76
16.7 Diagnostiek.................................................................................................................................................76
16.7.1 Onderkennende diagnostiek..............................................................................................................76
16.7.2 Signalen op jonge leeftijd...................................................................................................................76
16.7.3 Specifieke instrumenten.....................................................................................................................77
16.7.4 Handelingsgerichte diagnostiek.........................................................................................................77
16.8 Begeleiding.................................................................................................................................................77
16.8.1 Functietraining of vaardigheidstraining.............................................................................................77
16.8.2 Psychosociale begeleiding..................................................................................................................78
16.8.3 Aanpassingen in de sociale en fysieke context..................................................................................78
16.9 Tips voor ouders en leerkrachten...............................................................................................................78
16.10 Ontwikkeling stotteren.............................................................................................................................79
16.10.1 Wat is het?........................................................................................................................................79
16.10.2 Normaal vs abnormaal.....................................................................................................................79
16.10.3 Mogelijkheden van stotteren...........................................................................................................79
16.10.4 Oorzaken...........................................................................................................................................80
16.10.5 Uitlokkende factoren........................................................................................................................80
16.10.6 Secundaire gedragskenmerken........................................................................................................80
16.10.7 Belang van vroegdetectie.................................................................................................................81
16.10.8 Hoe mee omgaan?............................................................................................................................81
17. Pesten en cyberpesten........................................................................................................................... 82
17.1 Pesten.........................................................................................................................................................82
17.1.1 Wat is het?..........................................................................................................................................82
17.1.2 Soorten van pesten.............................................................................................................................82
17.1.3 Rollen..................................................................................................................................................82
17.1.4 Signalen...............................................................................................................................................83
17.1.5 Gevolgen.............................................................................................................................................83
17.1.6 Redenen..............................................................................................................................................83
6
, 17.1.7 Inzichten.............................................................................................................................................84
17.1.8 Hoe mee omgaan?..............................................................................................................................84
17.2 Cyberpesten................................................................................................................................................85
17.2.1 Wat is het?..........................................................................................................................................85
17.2.2 Kenmerken die impact vergroten.......................................................................................................85
17.2.3 Slutshaming........................................................................................................................................86
17.2.4 Hoe mee omgaan?..............................................................................................................................86
18. Sexting, grooming en sextortion............................................................................................................. 86
18.1 Sexting........................................................................................................................................................86
18.1.1 Wat is het?..........................................................................................................................................86
18.1.2 Normaal of problematisch?................................................................................................................87
18.1.3 Fenomenen.........................................................................................................................................87
18.1.5 Hoe mee omgaan?..............................................................................................................................87
18.2 Grooming....................................................................................................................................................87
18.2.1 Wat is het?..........................................................................................................................................87
18.2.2 Hoe doen ze dat?................................................................................................................................88
18.2.3 Wetgeving...........................................................................................................................................88
18.2.4 Hoe mee omgaan?..............................................................................................................................88
18.3 Sextortion...................................................................................................................................................88
18.3.1 Wat is het?..........................................................................................................................................88
18.3.2 Hoe mee omgaan?..............................................................................................................................88
18.3.3 Adviezen aan kinderen en jongeren...................................................................................................89
19. Automutilatie......................................................................................................................................... 89
19.1 Wat is het?.................................................................................................................................................90
19.2 Verschil met een suïcidepoging..................................................................................................................90
19.2.1 Verschillen..........................................................................................................................................90
19.2.2 Gelijkenissen.......................................................................................................................................90
19.3 Prevalentie en comorbiditeit......................................................................................................................90
19.4 Geslachtsverschillen...................................................................................................................................91
19.5 Risicofactoren.............................................................................................................................................91
19.6 Redenen voor zelfverwonding....................................................................................................................91
19.7 Gevolgen....................................................................................................................................................92
19.8 Hoe mee omgaan?.....................................................................................................................................92
19.8.1 Preventief...........................................................................................................................................92
19.8.2 Curatief...............................................................................................................................................92
Stappen HGD
1. Intake – informatie verzamelen.
2. Strategie – reflectie (wat weten we al? Wat
nog niet?).
3. Onderzoek – informatie verzamelen via test, gesprek, observatie …
4. Integratie/aanbeveling – informatie verwerken en hypothese(n)
stellen.
5. Advies – gesprek met betrokkenen om afspraken rond aanpak te
maken.
6. Interventie en evaluatie – plan uitvoeren en eventueel bijsturen.
Handelingsgerichte diagnostiek is een onderdeel van handelingsgericht
werken.
HDG is cyclisch, dat wil zeggen dat er geen einde aan komt en je kinderen
doorheen het schooljaar zal blijven opvolgen (= procesgerichte
diagnostiek).
1.3 De uitgangspunten van HGW
1. Onderwijs- en opvoedingsbehoeften centraal – wat heeft de persoon
nodig?
2. Transactioneel – afstemmen met ouders, leerkrachten …
3. Betrekken leerkrachten en ouders – nooit beslissing nemen zonder
hen.
4. Positieve aspecten – aandacht voor wat persoon wél kan.
5. Constructief samenwerken – samenwerken ipv bevelen geven.
6. Doelgericht – we willen iets bereiken met de begeleiding.
7. Systematisch en transparant – vertellen wat er gaat gebeuren, wat
we doen …
2. Faire diagnostiek
Faire diagnostiek = zorgzame en kwaliteitsvolle diagnostiek bij
anderstalige en/of kansarme
kinderen.
2.1 Culturele verschillen
9
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