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HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINAL EXAM/221 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (A+)
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HMX IMMUNOLOGY FINALEXAM/221 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS (A+)
One of the most important advances in surgery arrived
near the end of the nineteenth century. The British
surgeon Joseph Lister hypothesized that using
techniques to sterilize surgical tools and clean the skin
at the site of the incision would reduce surgical site
infections. Years later, Dr. Lister wrote this:
"Nothing was formerly more striking in surgical
experience than the difference in the behavior of injuries
according to whether the skin was implicated or not.
Thus, if the bones of the leg were broken and the skin
remained intact, the surgeon applied the necessary
apparatus without any other anxiety than that of
maintaining a good position of the fragments, although
the internal injury to bones and soft parts might be very
severe. If, on the other hand, a wound of the skin was
present, communicating with the broken bones,
although the damage might be in other respects
comparatively slight, the compound fracture, as it was
termed, was one of the most dangerous accidents that
could happen...It was clearly in some way due to the
exposure of the injured parts to the external world." -
Lister, J. Address By the President. Science 4, 409-429
(1896).
This quote highlights the critical role of what component
of the innate immune system in defense against
microbes? - √Answer :Epithelial barriers
,Quiz :Which of the cells below are tissue resident
sentinel cells - √Answer :mast cell, macrophage,
dendritic cell
Quiz :Which of the cells below are circulating blood cells
that will enter tissue in response to inflammation?
(select two answers) - √Answer :Neutrophils
Monoctyes
Quiz :Mast cell - √Answer :Cells that release chemicals
(such as histamine) that promote inflammation.
Quiz :Neutrophil - √Answer :Most abundant leukocyte
Phagocyte that rapidly dies after ingesting microbe
Quiz :macrophage - √Answer :Phagocyte that cleans up
apoptotic cells
Quiz :When a monocyte moves into the tissues, it
changes rapidly and becomes a ____________ . -
√Answer :macrophage
Quiz :Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a genetic
defect that leads to recurrent infections in the tissue and
severe problems with wound healing. LAD patients also
develop severe gingivitis (infections and inflammation of
the gums). In LAD, leukocyte migration into tissues is
severely impaired. All of these problems can be traced
back to a genetic defect. Of the genetic defects listed
below, which is the most likely cause of LAD? - √Answer
:A mutation that introduces a stop codon into a gene
that encodes part of the LFA-1 molecule (leading to a
truncated protein).
,Quiz :Toll-like receptors for bacterial PAMPs are found
on/in the - √Answer :cell membrane
Quiz :There are a few different proteins that act as
inhibitors of NF-kB. There is a very rare genetic disease
in which one of these proteins, IkBα, is mutated. The
mutation substantially alters the stability of the IkBα
protein. In patients with this disease, IkBα protein
expression does not change in response to stimuli that
cause IkBα degradation in healthy individuals. Consider
the biological role of NF-kB inhibitors. What are the
most likely symptoms of this genetic defect? -
√Answer :Immunodeficiency with a susceptibility to
bacterial infections.
Quiz :The complement pathway initiated by host
proteins that bind to microbial sugars is called the
____________ pathway. - √Answer :lectin pathway
Quiz :ssRNA (single-stranded RNA) and dsDNA
(double-stranded DNA) are present in mammalian cells.
Why don't our plasmacytoid dendritic cells activate an
innate immune response against these self nucleic
acids that are necessary for normal cellular function? -
√Answer :The TLRs that recognize ssRNA and dsDNA
are sequestered in endosomes.
Quiz :How can the antiviral state be propagated in the
absence of immune cells? - √Answer :Type I IFNs are
produced by infected epithelial cells; this induces anti-
viral biochemical changes in the same cell and adjacent
cells.
, Quiz :A child presents with recurrent bacterial infections.
Of the genetic defects described below, what is the
most likely cause of her disease? - √Answer :A mutation
in the C3 gene that renders the C3 protein
nonfunctional.
Quiz :____________ is the process by which something
that is not otherwise recognized as a pathogen is coated
with proteins that make it more recognizable to the
immune system. - √Answer :Opsonization
Quiz :The majority of the symptoms of tetanus infection
are caused by the tetanus toxins, chiefly tetanospasmin.
Tetanospasmin is one of the deadliest toxins known;
even very small doses (nanograms) can be lethal. It
targets the nerves, causing severe muscle spasms. The
tetanus vaccine consists of inactivated tetanus toxin; the
vaccine is highly effective for preventing tetanus.
Inoculation with the tetanus vaccine leads to the
production of protective antibodies. How do these
antibodies prevent tetanus? - √Answer :Neutralization
Quiz :Streptococcus pneumoniae is an extracellular
bacterium that is a leading cause of bacterial
pneumonia and meningitis, particularly in children and
the elderly. Fortunately, most cases of S. pneumoniae
can be prevented with a vaccine that contains
components of the bacterial capsule. The vaccine is
known to lead to the production of antibodies that
recognize intact bacteria.
What are the most likely mechanisms activated by these
antibodies that result in protection against S.
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