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Summary AQA ALEVEL BIOLOGY NOTES ON DNA AND RNA AS LEVEL
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ALEVEL NOTES ON THE BIOLOGICAL TOPIC- DNA AND RNA ADJUSTED TO THE AQA SPECIFICATION AND MADE FROM MARKSCHEMES
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DNA and RNA•
DNA ldeoxribonuele.ie acid ) is used to store
genetic information -
the instructions needed to
grow and
your
develop from a fertilised
egg
to a
fully grown adult
RNA ( rib transfer information from DNA ( in
nucleic acids is used to
genetic the the nucleus) to the ribosomes
•
.
made : RNA
•
In ribosomes ,
proteins are
they read the to make
proteins ( polypeptides) in a
process
called translation .
RNA of nucleotides
#
DNA and are
polymers
•
A nucleotide made of ( with 5 atoms)
is
up
a
pentose sugar sugar carbon ,
a
nitrogen -
containing organic
( contains carbon ) base '
and a phosphate group .
④
te nitrogen
whatisthestructureofpolynvcleoti.de
containing Nucleotides form
.
join together to
polynueleotide strands .
between
.
Nucleotides join up via a condensation reaction
sugar the phosphate group
of one nucleotide and the
sugar of
another .
so¥e .
A phosphodiester bond consists of the phosphate group and
①
two ester bonds .
of double helix forms
jahepbsind? sugar phosphate
. the DNA a -
③
.
DNA has a double -
helix structure
/
.
Tester
↳
bond . DNA molecules are
really long and are
coiled lot of
up very tightly . so a
µ information fit into a
genetic
can
/
tghiogssfgIf@gyg.thefe.areadenq.ne
small space in the cell nucleus .
possible bases :
-
T -
thymine
sugar C cytosine
-
-
phosphate
backbone G -
guanine
comp-lementarybasepaipolyring.IN DNA ,
the two nucleotide strands are held
together by hydrogen
bonds between two bases .
•
Adenine always pairs with thymine .
LET ) £4 IT
G)
Guanine
always pairs with cytosine
•
.
CC
⇐ ↳
Acronym :
A pk Iurns
.
=
Google crazy =
The strands antiparallel
two
polynucleotide
•
are -
they run in opposite directions .
Due to base A- % -1% ,C% G %
pairing
•
: = =
r
↳ hydrogen
bonds µ
.
30%
Usually ,
adenine
cytosine makes
makes
up 30% ; guanine makes
up
,
up
20% and
thymine makes up
20% .
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