Summary
Summary AQA ALEVEL BIOLOGY NOTES ON DEFENSE MECHANISMS
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ALEVEL NOTES ON THE IMMUNITY TOPIC- DEFENSE MECHANISMS ADJUSTED TO THE AQA SPECIFICATION AND MADE FROM MARKSCHEMES
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Defence Mechanisms=
•
Any infection is an interaction between the
pathogen and the body 's various defence mechanisms .
,%
Definitions
¥
§
foreign
immune
Action stimulates response
lpolysacchari.de
an
protein that
•
-
cells I secreted plasma cells
B by
Antibody antigen produced by
.
protein specific to an
.
-
Non specific response that for all
antigens
-
response is same
- -
-
Specific immune response -
specific response to antigen .
Involves stimulation of B cells (
by T cells )
of
Primary response pathway from
antigen presentation
to secretion antibodies
'
-
-
of
Secondary response stimulation B to secretion of
'
cells antibodies
memory cause
quickly
-
more
-
Cell-mediated response -
by T cells .
They OILY bind to
antigens on a HOST cell .
Humoral by B antibody secretion
'
cells +
response - .
→ A disorder of structure function in human animal
or a , ,
or
plant ,
especially one
that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not
simply a direct result of
physical injury . of
disjunction
pairs go won
chromosomes
two XX
¥
-
Environmental
Pathogenic I
communicable
wiki
see
XX
XX
Xy
f)Trisomy 21
Xx No
• Toxins
X chromosomes
X
to other
Pollutions of Genetic going
disease
•
Radiation
Types XX sex cell
• -
Heritable
•
Cancer
Chromosome disorders
•
lifestyle Social Ageing Mental Illness
Depression
-
Parkinson's
'
disease
Anxiety
•
,"
Defence mechanisms
§
General and immediate defences defence mechanisms
~ ✓
• The skin
forming a barrier to the
entry of
pathogens .
non specific specific
( response is
lresponse is
'
The skin cells produce keratin which reduces
gaps between the
,
immediate and slower and
the same for all
epithelial cells to make skin
long .
pathogens) specific to each
Thy robin
The of
enzyme
Fibrin pathogen)
blood clotting Fibrinogen →
-
:
process
'
The production of mucus ( polypeptide with muerin v I t f
protects stomach from HC1 and
glycoproteins )o
physical phagocytosis cell-mediated humoral
response
barrier response
Muco escalator the and skin ) IT LB
ciliary moves mucus
leg
-
up
out of the
lungs where it can be
expelled by lymphocytes) lymphocytes)
coughing swallowing or (
coughs out pathogens and dust trapped by mucus )
Phagocytosis
.
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