Summary
Summary AQA ALEVEL BIOLOGY NOTES ON DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION
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ALEVEL NOTES ON THE GAS EXCHANGE TOPIC - DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION ADJUSTED TO THE AQA SPECIFICATION AND MADE FROM MARKSCHEMES
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Lipids §Digestion and Absorption
-
,• ILL c c ' \
-
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Lipase of
§ygµaµayg,an
catalyse the breakdown lipids
enzymes
into fatty acids
%
monoglycerides and µ
Carbohydrates
.
i i
H O H C -
O -
C -
R
4
-
o
,K T4 X - t - c a t, 11
I 1 11
nyw.y.is ,
,
g.waen.ie, ,
m.ua#mg,...yg,ana . .
I
+ µ,
Younge s o
I
Of
t'
2 Saliva contains E
salivary amylase hydrolysing Hoo
+
which star ts search H - C - o -
-
R
( I ✓
\
to maltose .
Mineral salts from saliva maintain a neutral pH .
"
✓ fatty
÷i
" "
"""" "
"
" " " ""
•
stomach and further
acid denatures
amylase " events ↳dr% "
|
of the starch .
j
" "" " " "" "" " " "" "" " " the
" " " "" ° is
" " """ ° " ""
" he " "" "" " "" "" ""
-
" " " ""
" " "s ' " "
"
juice tiny droplets
/
called micelles bile
.
by salts .
5 Pancreatic amylase continues to
hydrolyse remaining
µ
starch to maltose Alkaline salts from and liver
|iI¥f"÷÷
.
pancreas
intestinal
stomach
wall maintain neutral pH .
•
÷:÷:::÷÷÷÷:* ÷:c:c::÷
.ms .
. "* . . . . . ..
Ehdooleptidases hydrolyse the peptide bonds
'
between
Carbohydrates Substrate location µ amino acids in the central
region of a
Small intestine )
↳
µ
/
:
t
starch & Pancreas forms
§m¥ |
Amylase
> maltose mouth protein molecule This multiple peptide molecules
¥]§µ
. .
Maltose Maltose > 2x
glucose
! III "
' .
Exopeptidases hydrolyse the peptide bonds on
Attached to
Descending colon
sucrose sucrose >
glucose + fructose qq.fi?erqna;gefiIteum the
formed
terminal amino acids of the
peptide molecules
Lactase lactose >
glucose + galactose of ileum \ r
by endo peptidase They .
progressively
r Rectum
Ascending colon
release dipeptides and single amino acids .
Anus
Triglycerides Dipeptidases hydrolyse the bond between
.
the
Made in
↳ pages Absorption of triglycerides of
dipeptidemonoglyceri.de
r two amino acids a
pancreas -
secreted to 1
, % 1 % 7, --,
+
small intestine
Fatty acid 1 Micelles help to move monoglycerid.es and
fatty acids towards the epithelium .
break down cell
2 Micelles
releasing the monoglycerides and fatty acids They diffuse the -
,
.
across
Proteases substrate location surface membrane into the epithelial cells .
3 and
They form triglycerides cholesterol form
chylomicrons.Exopep-idas.es
combine to associate with and lipoproteins to
Endo peptidase 8 Polypeptide ( centre) stomach ,
4
Polypeptide t.at end ) Pancreas Chylo microns exocytose and enter lymphatic capillaries called Iacteals .
Dipeptidases 1) ipeq-h.de Membrane bound
5
Chylo microns pass into the blood .
The triglycerides in the chylo microns are hydrolysed by an
enzyme in
lining the ileum
the endothelial cells of blood capillaries from where they diffuse into cells .
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