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Summary Assignment B Lymphatic system and disorders
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lOMoARcPSD|3013804Unit 8: Authorised Assignment Brief for Learning Aim B – Physiology of Human
body.
Lymph Vessels
The lymphatic system spreads widely across the entire body and is made up of many different
parts, those parts consist of the lymph vessels, lymph nodes, valves, thymus gland, tonsils,
lacteals, and the spleen. The lymph vessels are thin-walled and valved, they are with endothelial
cells and consists of a smooth, thin muscle wall and the outer wall binds the vessels to tissue
that surrounds it. The endothelial is simple squamous epithelium, which has a highly
permeable membrane, it also has junctions where the endothelial cells over-lap each other
on these vessels in order to allow lymph in but not out. The smooth muscles bellow them are
in a circular fashion and allows for the lymph to be pumped slowly around the body, and is
involved with vasoconstriction and vasodilation, vasoconstriction increases blood pressure and
vasodilation is the dilation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure. The outer layer is
known as the adventitia and made out of collagen mostly and mainly acts to hold the lymph
vessels stable within the body, but not all vessels contain the adventitia. Much like the
vessels that transport blood around the body in the circulatory system, the lymph vessels
transport lymph around the body, it carries it from the tissue through the lymph nodes and
delivers cleaned fluids back to the blood. The lymph travels through the vessels due to
smooth muscles, valves, and compression when the adjacent skeletal muscle and arterial
pulsation compresses.
Lymph Nodes
Lymph nodes are small glands that are bean shaped. They are split into nodules and each
nodule contains an outer cortex and then a paracortex, with the medulla inside. They are
surrounded in connective tissue; this creates the capsule. The nodules are the store for the
P-cell and T-cell lymphocytes and white blood cells are stored in its medulla. There are five
major nodes known as axillary, supratrochlear, abdominal, inguinal, and popliteal nodes. Nodes
can be found in all areas of the body other than the central nervous system. They filter lymph
fluid and then return it to the blood, they maintain blood volume and pressure, defend against
infection, and prevent fluid build-up in tissues.
Axillary Nodes:
The axillary nodes are located in the armpit and its main role is to perform filtration and
conduct lymph. These nodes can be split into five different groups: the pectoral, lateral,
subscapular, central, and subclavicular. Each of these nodes are all important in the transportation
of nodes. The pectoral groups are made of four or five nodes in the superior border of the
pectoralis. The afferent vessels send lymph too these nodes and efferent vessels carry
lymph away from these nodes to the central lymph node. Lateral group boarders the lateral
edge of the pectoral group and consist of between four and six different nodes that cluster
around the axillary vein. Lymph from the upper arm flows into the lateral group and then into
the central lymph nodes via the efferent vessels. Subscapular groups are located in the back
of the shoulder blade and consists of six to seven nodes. It filters the lymph from the back of
the neck and upper back. Efferent vessels take the lymph from them into the central lymph
nodes. Central nodes consist of three or four nodes within the adipose tissue in the bottom
of the axilla. They further filter the filtered lymph from the pectoral, lateral, and subclavicular
nodes. The lymph from there is then taken to the subclavicular node bellow the collar bone.
The subclavicular node is composed of between six and twelve nodes and they are the final
filtration process the lymph goes through before going on to the subclavian trunk. These different
groups are all regions that make up the axillary node.
, lOMoARcPSD|3013804
Supratrochlear Node:
The supratrochlear node is located within the elbow and consists of two nodes. There
afferent vessels work to drain the forearm, hand, ring finger, little finger, and middle finger.
There efferent vessels join the deeper vessels and are alongside the basilic vein. The lymph
drained is then filtered in the supratrochlear node and is then sent to the lateral group of the
axillary node where it is further filtered. Cross drainage in these vessels is possible as they are
in free communication from other vessels in the forearm.
Abdominal Nodes:
The Abdominal nodes are sorted into two different groups: The superficial group and the
deep group. The superficial group is the first drainage point of the abdominal wall and the
deep groups work to send the lymph from the superficial group into the abdominal viscera,
of which they are usually associated with, and the superficial group is associated with the
subcutaneous blood vessel, the lymph from the superficial abdominal node is drained into the
superficial inguinal nodes. The abdominal region can be split into the upper and lower
abdominal wall, the deep abdominal nodes drain from the lower abdominal wall into the
circumflex iliac. The drainage point of the adnominal viscera would mainly be through the
thoracic duct.
Inguinal Nodes:
Inguinal nodes have two layers that are below the inguinal ligament, this runs from the largest
bone at the front of the ilium to a bottom centre of the pelvis in the public region. The two
layers are the superficial inguinal nodes and the deep inguinal nodes. The superficial inguinal
nodes are located in the upper, inner thigh and consists of ten nodes and drains into the deep
inguinal nodes. The deep inguinal nodes are located below the connective tissue of the upper,
inner thigh along with being on the medial side of the femoral vein and consists of three to five
nodes. There is also another type of inguinal node known as the Cloquet’s node and it is the
top-most deep inguinal node and is below the inguinal ligament. These nodes work to drain
the lymph into the external iliac node, then the pelvic node and finally, the paraaortic nodes.
These nodes still do the same basic function that all nodes do which is to filter waste,
maintain fluid balance in the bloodstream, and help play a role in immune defence but
inguinal nodes main purpose is to drain the reproductive organs and the bladder as well as
the pelvic region.
Popliteal Nodes:
Popliteal nodes are located behind the knees and consists of six or seven nodes, and they work
on the lower legs, feet, and toes. Most people have between two and nine popliteal nodes
that form as a big cluster. There are two sets of popliteal nodes known as: the deep
popliteal node and the superficial popliteal node, the deep popliteal node is located close to
the popliteal vessels and the superficial popliteal node is located with the small saphenous
vein. The superficial and deep popliteal nodes drain lymph from the toes, feet, and legs and
then the popliteal nodes drain the lymph from those, sometimes on rare occasions even
draining the overlying skin. These nodes also do the same filtration and balancing as all of the
other nodes.
Valves:
The valves are one of the lymphatic vessel’s main features, they are semilunar valves that
are attached to sides of the endothelium. They are only located in the larger lymph vessels
along with the collecting vessels but would not be found in the lymphatic capillaries. The role of
the valves is to prevent backflow of fluid so that the lymph will be flowing forwards instead of
falling backwards.
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