PPR question and answers graded A+ 2023 updated

PPR question and answers graded A+ 2023 updatedJean Piaget - correct answer Identified stages of cognitive and moral development. Piaget established the fields of cognitive theory and developmental psychology. Concepts typically attributed to Piaget include: Schemes - Mental patterns that guide behavior; cognitive structures that help individuals process and organize information to make sense of the environment. Assimilation - understanding new experiences in terms of existing schemes. Accommodation - When a learned way of dealing with the environment no longer works, an individual will modify existing schemes to fit new situations in the environment. According to Piaget, this is how learning occurs. Adaptation - the process of adjusting schemes through assimilation or accommodation. Disequilibration - an imbalance between what a child understands and what the child encounters through new experiences. Equilibration - the process of restoring balance between present understanding and new experiences. Learning and cognitive development depend on the individual being confronted with new experiences, stimuli, or data. Piaget - correct answer Sensorimoter: Imitation, Object permanence Preoperational: Langauge, Symbolic Thinking Concrete Operational: Laws of conservation, Reversability. Solve Concrete Problems Formal Operational: Solve Abstract Problems. Scientific Thinking, Identity heteronomous morality - correct answer Associated with moral realism and absolutism. Moral knowledge and understanding are objective and absolute. Laws, rules, punishment, right and wrong. God and external sources (adults), obedience is good. - External responsibility: amount of damage - Expiatory punishment: decreed by authority, immanent justice 5-9/10 years old Piaget Autonomous Morality - correct answer Associated with moral relativism. Morality is not a matter of obeying external authorities, rather, moral rules grow out of human relationships and we must respect others' differing point of view. - Internal responsibility: intensions behind damage - Reciprocity: much reduced belief in immanent justice Erik Erikson - correct answer focused on how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self. His Theory of Psychosocial Development includes eight stages from infancy to old age. A healthy personality is a result of successfully completing each stage of development. Conflict arises if the individual does not successfully complete a stage. Erikson Stages - correct answer STAGE AGE EFFECT ON SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT1 Infant Stage: 0 - 1 yr. Basic Trust vs. Mistrust Optimism and Hope The child's main relationship is with their mother. They need love and consistency of care in order to learn how to trust. 2 Toddler Stage 1 - 3 yrs. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Independence and Self-Esteem/Will The child's main relationship is with the parents. They need to be encouraged to be independent and to feel good about themselves. 3 Preschool 3 - 6 yrs. Initiative vs. Guilt Use of Initiative and Purpose The child's main relationship is with their family. They need to be encouraged to explore their environment and to use their initiative. 4 School-Age 6 - 11 yrs. Industry vs. Inferiority Competence The child's main relationship is with their school and neighborhood. They need to be praised and rewarded when they achieve something and not to be rejected or criticized. 5 Adolescent 12 - 20 yrs. Identity vs. Role Confusion Fidelity Questioning of self. Who am I, how do I fit in? Where am I going in life? If parents continually push teen to conform to their views, the teen will face identity confusion. 6 Young Adulthood 21 - 39 yrs. Intimacy vs. Isolation First Stage of Adult Development Dating, marriage, family and friendships are important during this stage in life. 7 Adulthood 40 - 65 yrs. Generativity vs. Stagnation Second Stage of Adult Development People are normally settled in their life and know what is important to them. A person is either making progress in their career or treading lightly in their career and unsure about if this is what they want to do for the rest of their working lives. Also during this time, a person is enjoying raising their children and participating in activities that gives them a sense on purpose. 8 Maturity 65+ yrs. Ego Integrity vs. Despair Maturity