Summary
Samenvatting Artikelen Onderzoekscollege Taalkunde
- Course
- Institution
Een allesomvattende samenvatting van ALLE te lezen artikelen voor de cursus Onderzoekscollege Taalkunde (onderdeel van de Master Neerlandistiek).
[Show more]
Seller
Followromyvandermolen
Reviews received
Content preview
Samenvatting ALLE te lezen artikelen voor Onderzoekscollege TaalkundeArtikelen week 2
Alles wat je zegt heeft betekenis – Marc van Oostendorp
- Een mens kan geen woord zeggen dat niets betekent
- Drie soorten betekenis (taalkunde)
o Semantisch: staat in een woordenboek (kat = dier, poten, snorharen, staart)
o Pragmatisch: wat een spreker eigenlijk bedoelt met zijn woorden (context)
o Sociaal: wat je allemaal over jezelf weggeeft door te praten zoals je praat
- Uiting: ‘Jouw kat zit weer bij mij binnen’
o Semantisch: beschrijving van het feit dat jouw huisdier in mijn ruimte is
o Pragmatisch: ik eis dat je dat dier nu komt ophalen
- Modulariteit: de taal wordt geacht uit verschillende afgebakende afdelingen
(modules) te bestaan
Implicatures, Entailments, and Presuppositions – The Ling Space (Video)
Clues to meaning
- Pragmatics: the study of how language is used in context, and the assumptions that
we make to understand each other
- Cooperative Principle: a number of maxims that describe how to be nice and
considerate conversation partners
o Maxims of Quality, Quantity, Relevance, and Manner
- Implicature: a conclusion we draw from incomplete information, but the original
sentence still stays (logically) true (but pragmatically bad)
- Entailment: the first sentence entails the second one, the truth of the first sentence
guarantees the truth of the second sentence, not cancellable
Chapter 14. Types of inference: entailment, presupposition, and implicature – Yan Huang
- Inference = a process of accepting a statement or proposition (conclusion) on the
basis of the acceptance of one or more other statements or propositions (premises)
o Deduction, induction, abduction
o 3 fundamental types of inference: entailment, presupposition, implicature
- Aim article: to assess entailment, presupposition, and implicature
Entailment
Entailment = a semantic relation that can be defined in terms of truth
, o A proposition p entails a proposition q if and only if the truth of p guarantees
the truth of q
o P: All of the university’s professors are hard-working
Q: Some of the university’s professors are hard-working
- Propositional equivalence
o The little hut was hidden by the trees
o The little hut was concealed by the trees
- Contradictory
o No one likes dark tourism
o At least someone likes dark tourism
- Contradiction
o ?John isn’t married, but his wife is a feminist
- Contrariety
o This skirt is blue
o This skirt is red
Presupposition
Presupposition = a proposition or inference whose truth is taken for granted in the
utterance of a sentence
- Main function: act as a precondition of some sort for the appropriate use of that
sentence
- Presupposition triggers = lexical items and linguistic constructions that give rise to
presuppositions
- Definite descriptions
o The king of France is bald
o There is a king of France
- Factive predicates
o Epistemic or cognitive factives
John knows that smoking is a dangerous pastime
Smoking is a dangerous pastime
o Emotive factives
John regrets that he has gone on the stage
John has gone on the stage
- Aspectual/change of state predicates
o Mary has stopped beating her boyfriend
o Mary has been beating her boyfriend
- Iteratives
o John returned to Berlin
o John was in Berlin before
- Implicative predicates
o John managed to give up binge drinking
o John tried to give up binge drinking
- Temporal clauses
, o After she left school, Jane worked as a secretary
o Jane left school
- Cleft sentences
o It was the porter who called a taxi for John
o Someone called a taxi for John
- Counterfactual conditionals
o If an ant was big as a human being, it could run five times faster than an
Olympic sprinter
o An ant is not as big as a human being
- Presuppositions exhibit 2 main properties
o Constancy under negation = a presupposition is generated by the use of a
lexical item (if S is true, then p is true | if S is false, then p is (still) true)
o Defeasibility = presuppositions are cancelled if they are inconsistent with
background assumptions, conversational implicatures, and certain discourse
contexts
- Theoretical issues and analyses
- 3 main theoretical issues in accounting for presupposition
o Presupposition failure
o The origin of presupposition
o Projection problem of presupposition
Filtering-satisfaction analysis: a presupposition is not cancellable
Implicature
Conversational implicature = any meaning implied or expressed by, and inferred or
understood from, the utterance of a sentence which is meant without being part of
what is strictly said
- Vb.: Some of the tourists are admiring the view +> Not all of the tourist are…
o Property of defeasibility: conversational implicatures can simply vanish in
certain (non-)linguistic contexts
o Property of non-detachability: any linguistic expression with the same
semantic content tends to carry the same conversational implicature
o Property of calculability: they can transparently be derived via the
cooperative principle and its component maxims
o Property of non-conventionality: they are non-coded in nature, they rely on
the saying of what is said but are not part of it
o Property of reinforceability: they can be made explicit without producing too
much of a sense of redundancy
o Property of universality: they tend to be universal, because they are
motivated rather than arbitrary
o Property of indeterminacy: some of them may be indeterminate
- A conversational implicatures can be engendered in 2 distinct ways
o It can arise from strictly observing the maxims of conversation
o It can be generated by way of a speaker’s ostentatiously flouting the maxims
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller romyvandermolen. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $5.59. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
83662 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now
Recently viewed by you
