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Summary US Civil Rights - condensed revision notes on Trade Unions. $5.17
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Summary US Civil Rights - condensed revision notes on Trade Unions.

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Very condensed revision notes on Trade Unions as part of the OCR History Course on Civil Rights in the USA. IDEAL for revision and for writing essays. Got me 100 UMS. See bundle for entire course notes. More than 50% off.

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  • March 14, 2017
  • 2
  • 2016/2017
  • Summary

Subjects

  • trade unions
  • civil rights
  • us civil rights
  • ocr history
  • ocr
  • notes

Written for

  • A/AS Level
  • OCR
  • history
  • Unit 15
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By: mollybrean • 7 year ago

fucking shit

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By: maxthornton • 7 year ago

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By: manuela08 • 7 year ago

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Civil Rights in the USA 1865-1992: Trade Unions

Effectiveness of strike action
Emergence of unions 1870s-90s: KOL Wasbash Railroad 1886 strike forced Gould to hault anti-union
campaign. BUT: 1866-67 Iron founders strike failed = weakened NLU. Haymarket Affair May 1886,
violent, destroyed KOL reputation, propagated myth of anarchists. Homestead Strike 1892, violent -
300 Pinkerton detectives hired, state militia controlled for 95 days, attempt to murder Frick = AA
broken as union. Pullman Strike 1894 President Cleveland sent in federal troops, court injunctions
used after 1894.
WWI and 1920s: 4m workers involved in 1919 strikes. Great Depression led to more disputes. BUT:
no-strike policy during WWI in return for right to join union & collective bargaining. Red scare strikes
lost public sympathy and were largely ineffective. 1920s prosperity = less need for strikes and unions.
1933: only 10% of workforce unionised, didn’t have right to strike and thus many were fired.
New Deal: some women/AAs/ethnics able to join CIO BUT: great divisions hindered effectiveness of
strike action - AFL focused on skilled labour. Discrimination was rife = lack of solidarity
WW2: BUT: 1943 - President given power to seize any plant where strike interfered with wartime
production, illegal to instigate such a strike. Post-war strikes were rather ineffective and ‘red scare’
lost the movement public support - Cold War context as well.
1950s and 60s (OR NOT?): AFL-CIO 1955 = 16m membership, helped maintain the power/threat of
strike action = steady wage rise of 2%/year. Framework of entitlement to rights facilitated
negotiation and collective bargaining BUT: this reduced strike action as a consequence.
1980s: BUT: PATCO 3rd Aug 1981, contravened 1955 law, little public sympathy. Reagan said back to
work in 48hrs or termination - carried through and leaders sent to prison. Created deep divisions
due to bringing organised labour into disrepute = lack of solidarity and loss of effectiveness of strike
action. Also, hostility of Republicans (Reagan) towards striking. Rapid decline in strike action - 381
major stoppages in 1970 to 31 1980-1995. Most strikes localised and small scale. 1975: 80,000
municipal workers went on strike, alienated public opinion.

Right of TU to exist and membership:
Emergence of unions 1870s-90s: 1866 NLU - first attempt at cross-craft union, 1868: 300k members
- encouraged AAs to organise (but separately). KOL 1869, attempt to unite skilled and unskilled and
remove racial/gender barriers, 1886: 700k members (incl 50k AAs, 10k women), success of 1886
Washbash. Dec 1886 AFL emerged to link all unions, 1914: 2m members. Wobblies gained
membership of 100k 1923. BUT: NLU short-lived and Iron Founders strike failed - died with Sylvis in
1869. NLU didn’t take AAs. KOL destroyed after Haymarket May 1886, 100k members by 1890s.
Wobblies: militant, ineffective, broken by divisions 1924.
WWI and 1920s: Fed govt recognised right to join TU and collective bargaining, NWLB negotiations =
union membership 2.7-5m 1916-1920. BSCP formed 1925, 1928 organised half of porters, achieved
recognition in 1934. BUT: no-strike policy during war. ‘Red scare’ tensions (nativism ran rife), 1920s
prosperity and welfare capitalism = less need for unions, loss of solidarity. AA labour still mainly
estranged from organised labour e.g. BSCP formed in 1925. Depression - only 10% unionised
New Deal: NIRA 1933 - NRA established, 1934: 557 codes covering 23m workers. Wagner Act 1935 -
recognised right of workers to elect representative to bargain on their behalf, permitted closed
shops and banned spies = 3.7m to 9m 1933-38, became political force - close link with Democrats.
BUT: NRA declared unconstitutional in 1935 and big employers (Ford) refused to sign up. AFL
remained primarily concerned with amalgamating craft unions, CIO broke away in 1936 (until 1955
AFL-CIO) = loss of solidarity.
WW2: 8.9m to 14.8m 1940-45 BUT: ‘Red scare’, McCarthyism and Cold War = Republicans wanted
restraints = Taft-Hartley Act 1947, Congress overturned Truman’s veto = 1949 CIO expelled 10
Communist unions = loss of 1/3rd membership.
1950s and 60s (OR NOT?): AFL-CIO merge 1955 = 16m members, encouraged unions to abandon
discriminatory policies. BUT: blue to white collar, ‘affluent society’ = complacency and organised
labour 36% in 1953 to 31% in 1960. TU-Democrat link weakening, focus shifting to poverty/Vietnam.

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