Summary
Summary Ellipsis - Advanced English
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Summary of the different ways an ellipsis can happen in English
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EllipsisAfter linkers After auxiliaries
or with infinitives
1. After “and”, “but” and “or” we
often leave out a repeated subject or 1. We often leave out a repeated verb
subject and auxiliary verb, especially phrase or adjective and just repeat the
when the clauses are short auxiliary verb, modal verb, or verb to
> After “then” we can also leave out be
a repeated subject pronoun > If the verb we don’t want to
2. We cannot leave out the subject repeat is the present or past simple, we
pronoun after “before”, “after”, use do/does/did
“because”, “when” and “while” 2. We can use a different auxiliary or
modal verb from that used in the first
part of the sentence
3. We can also leave out a repeated
With so and not verb phrase after the ‘infinitive with
to’. This is called reduced infinitive
1. With positive clauses, we often
use “so” instead of repeating a whole
clause after verbs of thinking (assume,
believe, expect, guess, hope, imagine, Notes
presume, reckon, suppose, think)
and also after “be afraid”, “appear”,
“seem” and “say”
2. With negative clauses we can
use either a ‘positive verb + not’ or a
‘negative verb + so’
> We normally use ‘positive verb
+ not’ with “be afraid”, “assume”,
“guess”, “hope”, “presume”, “suspect”
> We normally use a ‘negative verb
+ so’ with “think”
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