AQA A Level Geography: Contemporary Urban Environments Flashcards
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Contemporary Urban Environments
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AQA
Full set of flashcards for the Contemporary Urban Environments topic of AQA A Level Geography, including case studies. This complements my Revision Docs and can be used alongside them. These contain more pieces of information than the Revision Docs as I have added some facts I have heard from the n...
Urbanisation
Question Answer
In 1950, what percentage of the global population lived in urban areas? 30%
Today, what percentage of the global population lives in urban areas? 55%
Currently, how many people live in urban areas? Over 4 billion
By 2050, what percentage of the world is predicted to be urbanised? 68%
When for the first time did more people live in urban areas than rural? 2007
What is the Brandt line? A visual depiction of the global north-south divide of economies
Who proposed the Brandt line? Willy Brandt, a German chancellor
When was the Brandt line proposed? 1980s
When did the developed world experience mass urbanisation? 18th and 19th century during the industrial revolution
Why is the developed world no longer contributing much to this increase in urbanisation? Although people are still moving into urban areas, similar numbers are moving out
By 1950, what percentage of the developed world lived in cities? Over 50%
The developing world is now experiencing urbanisation ... ... at an accelerated rate with the majority of rural areas moving to urban areas
How is urbanisation in the developing world changing the urban landscape? Old cities are growing and new ones are being born
Between 1950-2020 by how much did the urban population in NEEs and LICs increase? Double
How much of the world's urban population lives in slums? 1/3
Living standards tend to be higher in cities, causing ... ... rural to urban migration
Name the 4 urbanisation processes. Urbanisation, suburbanisation, counter urbanisation and urban resurgence
What is urbanisation? The growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas
Urbanisation is a trend unique to ... ... the past few centuries
In Beijing, what was the urban population in 1970? 4.4 million
In Beijing, what was the urban population in 2015? 20.4 million
However, the rate of urbanisation is ... ... slowing, stagnating urban population growth
What are the 2 main reasons for urban growth? Natural increase and rural-urban migration
Why is natural increase occurring from urban areas? The urban demographic is generally younger and living conditions are better so they can have children
Since 1978, how many people in China have moved from rural to urban areas? 300 million
Give 4 reasons why cities are important. They organise economic production, exchange ideas and creative thinking, have social and cultural centres and
are centres of political power and decision making
Give an example of something in cities that organise economic production. Financial services
Give an example of something in cities that exchange ideas and creative thinking. Universities
Give an example of something in cities that are social and cultural centres. Theatres
Give an example of something in cities that are centres of political power and decision making. Seat of government
Why might people migrate to urban areas? For push and pull factors involving healthcare, education and jobs
What percentage of the population does Sao Paulo in Brazil account for? 10%
What percentage of the national GDP does Sao Paulo in Brazil account for? 25%
In developing countries, what can urbanisation lead to the creation of? Shanty towns
Give 5 push factors for urbanisation. Famine, drought, poor healthcare, unemployment and war
Give 4 pull factors for urbanisation. Employment, better education and healthcare, urban way of life and protection from conflict
Give a social advantage of urbanisation in rural areas. Population density decreases
,Give a social disadvantage of urbanisation in rural areas. Creates demographic and social imbalances with the elderly and very young
Give 2 economic advantages of urbanisation in rural areas. Remittances and potential increase in agricultural trade
Give 2 economic disadvantages of urbanisation in rural areas. Less people to work agricultural land and can face economic decline from 'brain drain'
Give 3 social advantages of urbanisation in urban areas. Population gains advanced skills, reduced mortality due to better healthcare and more infrastructure
development due to larger workforce and demand
Give 6 social disadvantages of urbanisation in urban areas. Lack of shelter and services for rapidly growing population, shanty towns develop which are at risk of natural
disasters, poor likely to be exploited, water and sanitation problems and can increase crime
Shanty towns develop, often illegally, on the ... ... rural-urban fringe
Water and sanitation problems can lead to ... ... diseases such as typhoid and dysentery
Give an economic advantage of urbanisation in urban areas. Creates a pool of cheap labour, which can lead to development
Give 2 economic disadvantages of urbanisation in urban areas. Can create a negative image and decrease tourism, and many are underemployed, living at a subsistence level
What is the UN's 11th SDG? To make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Give an example of a city currently undergoing urbanisation. Mumbai
Give an example of a city that underwent urbanisation before. Micklegate in York used to be rural, whereas nowadays it is part of the inner-city
When was Micklegate still rural? 1850
What is suburbanisation? The movement of people from city centres to the outskirts of a city or rural-urban fringe
Who might decide to move to the suburbs? Wealthy citizens looking to start a family
Why might suburbanisation occur? Overcrowding in the city centre and the desire for more space and a better quality of life
Why is suburbanisation more possible now than in the past? Improved transport facilities now mean people can easily travel from the suburbs to their city centre workplaces
How can suburbanisation lead to economic segregation? Wealthier middle class citizens will move to the outskirts of the city, leaving the poorer in the centre
How can suburbanisation lead to ethinic segregation? Those left in the centre are often migrant workers
Increase in urbanisation can increase the demand on ... ... suburban areas so they expand
What is a major disadvantage of suburbanisation? Inner-city areas becoming deprived and derelict as house prices in suburbs rise
How can dereliction of inner-city areas be prevented? By creating a green belt area
What is a green belt area? Where building is restricted to protect rural and inner-city areas
Give an example of where a green belt area has been put in place. London
What is a disadvantage of a green belt area? Developers can work to remove the restrictions so it may not be a permanent solution
Give an example of somewhere that has undergone suburbanisation. Stoke Gifford has experienced suburbanisation due to nearby Bristol's urban sprawl and experienced rapid
urbanisation in the 20th century
By how much did the population of Stoke Gifford increase between 2001-2011? 40%
Give an example of a suburban area in York. Woodthorpe and Dringhouses ward
Due to York's urban sprawl what are some characteristics of its suburban areas like Dringhouses and Semi-detached, detached and bungalow properties located by the A64 with an edge of town supermarket (Tesco)
Woodthorpe?
Give 3 advantages of suburbanisation for inner city areas. More low rise and density housing, space for new bus and tram networks and opportunity for environmental
improvement
Why might suburbanisation lead to more low rise and density housing in inner city areas? Less need for high rise and density housing
How might space be made for new transport networks following suburbanisation in inner city areas? Clearance of industrial and residential areas due to population decline
Suburbanisation leads to increased opportunity in inner city areas for environmental improvement of ... ... derelict land
Give 2 disadvantages of suburbanisation for inner city areas. Jobs decrease so increase in unemployment and poverty and vacant and derelict buildings may be unsightly and
deter investment
Give 3 advantages of suburbanisation for suburbs. Increasing price of land, employment opportunities and retailing
,Give 3 disadvantages of suburbanisation for suburbs. Increasing pressure on green belt, more commuters so more pollution and demand for recreational facilities like
golf courses
Throughout the 20th century, suburbanisation has also occurred in ... ... Mumbai, where populations are moving north and eastwards along major transport routes
What is something unusual for Mumbai which has come about due to suburbanisation? People are stratified economically as to where they can live, rather than religiously or linguistically like before
What is counter-urbanisation? The movement of people out of the city into surrounding villages and rural areas, beyond the rural-urban fringe
What did the 1981 census reveal about urban trends? Medium sized towns and villages were rapidly growing at the expense of metropolitan areas
Why does counter-urbanisation occur? High property prices, overcrowding in the centre, a preference for a quieter rural atmosphere and a better quality
of life
In developed countries, how can a better quality of life now be serviced in rural areas? Better transport allows commuting and better IT allows remote working
How can counter-urbanisation lead to changes in rural areas? Pushes original population out with rising house prices and age structure changes as wealthy old people move
there
What are some push factors for counter-urbanisation? Pollution, unsightly industrial areas, economic decline and overcrowding
What are some pull factors for counter-urbanisation? Clean air, more space, the beauty of the countryside and better value housing
Give 3 advantages of counter-urbanisation in the inner city. Forces regeneration to encourage population to return, reduces overcrowding and housing shortages and
potentially benefits the local environment with less industry and cars
Give 3 disadvantages of counter-urbanisation in rural areas. Pushes away original population with rising house prices, more traffic and congestion so more pollution and
conflict between the existing population and new residents
Give an example of a place that has experienced counter-urbanisation. York
When did York experience some counter-urbanisation? Late 20th century
By how much did York's population fall betwen 1961-1981? 10,000
By how much did Dunnington's population increase betwen 1961-1991? 2,000
By how much did Copmanthorpe's population increase betwen 1971-1991? 3,000
What is Navi Mumbai? A town of over 1 million people outside Mumbai which was built to reduce air pollution and congestion in the city
and encourage counter-urbanisation
What is urban resurgence? The movement of people back into city centres which have been redeveloped
Give 3 reasons why urban resurgence is common in post-industrial countries like the USA and the UK. Lack of jobs in rural areas, new attractive city centres and later age of marriage and falling birth rate so move to
suburbs is later
What is an advantage of urban resurgence? Development of brownfield sites and less dependency on suburbs and green belt, investment, jobs and less
poverty and so positive multiplier effect
What is an disadvantage of urban resurgence? Housing crises due to rising prices, gentrification causing conflict, more pressure on urban infrastructure and
increasing inequality between rich and poor
What is urban resurgence often driven by? Government schemes put in place to improve the quality of life in the city by encouraging economic growth and
regeneration
What percentage of highly skilled jobs do city centres host? 72%
How much more productive are city centres compared to non-urban areas? 21%
Between 2001 and 2011, by how much did York's population grow? 9.4%
Between 2001 and 2011, by how much did Yorkshire and Humber's population grow? 6.2%
Give examples of 2 new complexes built in York that reflect urban resurgence. Leeman Road apartments and the Post Office apartments
World cities, Megacities and Processes
Question Answer
What is a millionaire city? An urban area with over 1 million people
What is a metacity? An urban area with over 20 million people
What is a megacity? An urban area with over 10 million people
, Give 3 examples of a megacity. Istanbul, Cairo and Los Angeles
How many megacities were there in 1950? 2
Name the megacities in 1950. New York and Tokyo
How many megacities were there in 2020? 35
How many megacities are the predicted to be by 2030? 43
How many of the world's megacities are in developing countries? 2/3
How many of the world's megacities does Asia account for? Half
Give 2 examples of megacities in Asia. Jakarta, Beijing
Why do megacities develop? Rural-urban migration and natural increase
Megacities experience accelerated ... ... urbanisation and population growth
Why do megacities develop so quickly? Migrants tend to move to large cities already experiencing rapid economic growth to widen their opportunities
for success
What is a disadvantage of megacities? It creates inequalities where extreme poverty lives side by side with the rich
Why do megacities tend to dominate national and regional economies? Because companies often choose to place their headquarters there
Why do companies operate from megacities? There is a large supply of highly skilled workers which allow for rapid economic growth and good transport links
Give an example of a good transport link a megacity might have. An airport
What is a world city? A city with political and financial influence over the whole world
Name 2 world cities. London, Sydney
Why have banking companies moved to world cities? World cities have emerged as leaders in banking and finance
Give 3 examples of banks which have moved to world cities. HSBC, Lloyds and RBS
Where are most of the world cities? The developed world
Name 2 world cities in the emerging economy. Dubai and Rio de Janeiro
How many world cities were there in 1950? 4
Name the world cities in 1950. London, Paris, New York and Tokyo
How is a world city measured? Although disputed, emphasis is placed on economic connections
Why have certain cities like Lagos become contenders for world city status? Discovery of oil deposits make these countries increasingly important in global economics and business
Give an example of a world city and how it is dominating international and regional economies. Tokyo is extremely influential in international trade between East Asian countries
Give 5 characteristics of a world city. The best infrastructure in the country, financial and MNC HQs, centres of innovation and education, employment
in services and information sectors, and decision-making powers
What sort of infrastructure do world cities offer? Multifunctional infrastructure of legal, medical, entertainment and transport facilities
Give an example of a financial HQ that could be found in a world city. Stock exchange
World cities are centres of innovation in ... ... business, economics, culture and politics
Give 3 things that can be found in world cities to prove they are centres for education. Renowned universities, international student attendance and research facilities
Give 3 cultural centres which world cities may have. Media and communications corporations, theatres and museums
Who might go to a world city? Tourists, business workers and migrants
Why are world cities different to megacities? Population doesn't necessarily determine influence
Give the 5 different ways cities urbanise. Economically, socially, politically, technologically and demographically
Give 3 economic processes associated with urbanisation. Attracting people, development and growth in commercial farming
How is the economic process of attracting people associated with urbanisation? More job opportunities and better wages encourage rural-urban migration
How is the economic process of development associated with urbanisation? Factories and shops become more profitable, leading to more jobs and wage rises as the population grows
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