AQA A Level Geography: Global Systems and Global Governance Flashcards
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Global Systems and Global Governance
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AQA
Full set of flashcards for the Global Systems and Global Governance topic of AQA A Level Geography, including case studies. This complements my Revision Docs and can be used alongside them. These contain more pieces of information than the Revision Docs as I have added some facts I have heard from ...
Globalisation
Question Answer
Globalisation is the process by which the world's ... ... economies, political systems and cultures become more strongly connected to each other through the global
network of trade, communication, transportation and immigration
If there was no globalisation ... ... there would be no interaction between different countries
If there was complete globalisation ... ... the world would act as a single community
When did Marshall McLuhan start developing the concept of globalisation? 1960s
McLuhan's idea about a "global village" describes the ... ... breakdown of spatial barriers around the world due to the almost instantaneous transmission of information
facilitated by improvements in ICT
McLuhan argued that out world had more similarities than ... ... differences and that much of the world had been caught up in the same economic, social and cultural processes
McLuhan said that economic activities now operate at a ... ... global scale and other scales are becoming less important
When was the Brandt line developed? 1980s
The Brandt line is a visual description of the difference in ... ... in per capita GDP between the Global North and South, separated by the 30º north latitudinal line
When was the KOF index developed? 2002
What is the KOF index? A measure of how globalised a country is, based on its economic, political and social status.
In 2017, which were the top 3 countries of the KOF index? The Netherlands, Ireland and Belgium
In 2017, what were some of the bottom 3 countries of the KOF index? Somalia, North Korea and the Marshall Islands
Give 5 things that globalisation is caused by. The movement of information, capital, products, services and labour between countries
Globalisation is not a new thing as in the past, empires ... ... sourced their materials and labour from all over
What is different about the current form of globalisation to past iterations? It is more global, more integrated and has developed at a much faster rate than in the past
Because the world has become more globalised, countries become more ... ... interdependent
What is marketing? The process of promoting and selling products or services
Products are now sold all around the world so marketing ... ... must become global
Global marketing involves ... ... treating the whole world as one single market and using one marketing strategy to advertise to all customers
What are the benefits of global marketing? Economies of scale means it is cheaper than individual advertising campaigns and global marketing can create
global brand awareness
Global brand awareness means that consumers are more likely to ... ... buy the product with a particular logo or name than a lesser-known competitor
Marketing still needs to be adapted to ... ... each country's customs and laws, such as not drinking alcohol
Overtime, manufacturing production has ... ... decentralised to LICs
Why has manufacturing production decentralised to LICs? Cheaper land and labour, less environmental and waste regulations and improvements in transport and ICT
What has decentralisation led to? Deindustrialisation in HICs and the rise of NEEs
What is deindustrialisation in HICs and the rise of NEEs also known as? The global shift
What is the global shift? Where the manufacturing industry has filtered down from HICs to LICs, most notably in Asia
The global shift has caused international labour to divide into 2 groups ... ... highly paid and highly skilled workers in areas like R&D and marketing staying in HICs and low skilled and low
paid manufacturing jobs moving to LICs
The global shift in manufacturing locations led to the rise of NEEs like ... ... the Asian Tigers, BRIC and MINT, leading to rapid development there
Most consumption still lies in ... ... richer economies, but this is changing
Populations in NEEs are becoming rapidly more affluent, so it is forecast that consumption rather than ... ... production in NEEs will drive the shift from west to east
How will the shift from west to east benefit western finance companies? It will give them the huge potential to expand into these regions
5 Dimensions of Globalisation
Question Answer
,What are the 5 dimensions of globalisation? Flows of information, capital, products, services and labour
How is the flow of information a dimension of globalisation? Developments in IT have allowed the rapid diffusion of cultural ideas, language and technology
Give 2 technological developments which allow the rapid flow of information. Satellites and mobile technology
Information can now spread across the world quickly and easily, like ... ... financial data or news of current events
In what year did Michael Fish falsely predict that there would be no storm? 1987
Why did Michael Fish falsely predict that there would be no storm? The technology at the time meant that he didn't know until he got home after the broadcast
In 1987, how many observations a day would the MET office make about the weather? 1,200
Today, how many observations a day do the MET office make about the weather? 215 billion
How does the MET office make observations about the weather? With satellites, ships and buoys
Thanks to the increased flow of information, what places in the world have we recently been able to get live Ukraine and Afghanistan
information on?
The development and rapid spread of email, the internet and social media has meant that ... ... large amounts of information can be exchanged instantly
Rapid flows of information now mean that ... ... people can work and communicate with others in different countries
Increasing the flows of information increases interconnection, meaning ... ... people can learn a lot about different people and cultures without leaving their country
How is the flow of capital a dimension of globalisation? Historically, capital was only invested within the country, but now FDI is much more prominent
In the past, capital was only invested within the country by ... ... companies setting up factories or branches in different parts of the nation
What are the 4 main types of capital flow? FDI, repatriation of profits, aid and remittance payments
How much FDI was there in 1996? $400 billion
How much FDI was there in 2016? $1500 billion
In 2016, how much was sent from the UAE to India in remittance payments? $12.5 billion
How much global finance was flowing in 2002? $2.5 trillion
How much global finance was flowing in 2012? $4 trillion
In 2002, what was the most dominant flow of global finance? Between North America and Western Europe
In 2012, which flows of global finance were starting to dominate? Between Western and Eastern Europe and flows around China
Overall, financial flows are becoming more connected ... ... regionally
Why has the flow of capital been increasing? Improvements in communications and the internet mean capital can be moved instantly around the world
The increase of the flow of capital increases interconnection because ... ... national economies are becoming dependent on flows of investment from other countries
How is the flow of products a dimension of globalisation? Historically, products were made and sold within HICs, but now LICs make products due to lower labour costs
and sell them to HICs
In 1954, what percentage of manufacturing was concentrated in the industrialised economies of Western 95%
Europe, North America and Japan?
What are products? Tangible articles manufactured for sale
How many people were employed in manufacturing in the UK in 1985? 5 million
How many people were employed in manufacturing in the UK in 2014? 2.6 million
Give 3 reasons for the shift of manufacturing jobs from HICs to LICs. Less transaction costs due to improved flow of data, containerisation and commercial jet aircrafts make transport
easier and cheaper and fewer protectionist measures
In what year did Dyson move their production to Malaysia? 2002
International trade in manufactured goods is ... ... increasing
In 1990, the manufactured goods imported into the UK were worth how much? £200 billion
In 2008, the manufactured goods imported into the UK were worth how much? £550 billion
The changing flow of products is making the world more interconnected, because ... ... many manufactured items bought in the UK were produced in other countries then imported
,How is the flow of services a dimension of globalisation? Improvements in ICT have meant that services like banking and insurance are now global industries which can
serve customers from wherever
Give an example of how the improvements in ICT have changed the flow of services. In Kenya, people use electronic banking and their mobile phones to make payments using M-Pesa
What happened in the 1970s and 80s that made it easier for banks and other financial institutions to do Deregulation and opening up national financial markets to the rest of the world
business in other countries?
Give an example of a low-level service. Customer service
Give an example of a high-level service. Banking
Where are high-level services located and why? In HICs as they are likely to need more skilled workers
Where are low-level services located and why? They are increasingly decentralised to LICs where labour is cheaper
Increasing flows of services makes the world more interconnected, meaning ... ... people are connected to other countries through a bank account
How is the flow of labour a dimension of globalisation? More people are moving overseas
Between 2000 and 2015, by how much did international migration increase? 40%
Why might some choose to migrate internationally? Because they have to escape a conflict or to getter a better job
Why might highly skilled workers move to more HICs? Wages and conditions are better
Why might unskilled workers move to more HICs? Unemployment and poor wages in their home country
What are the patterns of the main flows of migration globally? From South Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Gulf States to North America and Europe
Increasing the flow of people between countries makes them more interconnected, meaning ... ... people bring aspects of their culture with them and now many have family members across the world
Factors Affecting Globalisation
Question Answer
Give the 3 factors affecting globalisation. The development of systems, technology and relationships
Systems include ... ... ways of working, procedures and methods of organisation
Give 3 examples of systems that affect globalisation. Just-in-time manufacturing, economies of scale and global supply chains
What is just-in-time manufacturing? Making products in response to demand
Since the 1940s, many new systems have been introduced to make flows of ... ... information, capital, products, services and labour cross national boundaries
These new systems have been introduced through developments in ... ... IT and financial deregulation in the 1980s
Technology has advanced rapidly to be used for ... ... information, communications and transport
The internet, mobile phones, containerisation and planes have all ... ... accelerated the maximum speed of their purposes
How did most relationships between countries work before WW2? One country losing and another gaining
Nowadays, relationships are more based on ... ... trade and common rules, which in theory means that everyone gains
We have seen a rise in ... ... bilateral and multilateral agreements and new governance through the WTO
Give the 5 sectors in which the development of systems, technology and relationships has been a factor in Financial systems, trade agreements, transport and communications, security and management and information
globalisation. systems
What does the global financial system do? Governs the flows of capital between countries
How do financial systems work? Investment banks help companies raise capital by selling shares to investors, who receive a fraction of the profits
the company makes
Give 3 things that occurred in the 1980s, making the financial system more global. IT, new financial products and financial deregulations
How did IT make the financial system more global? Investors could access information about the performance of a company and hence decide whether to invest
How did financial products make the financial system more global? Online banking makes the system more accessible, there are tools to make currency fluctuations less risky and
they facilitate borrowing and lending schemes between countries which can fund development projects
Financial deregulation was where governments relaxed rules about what banks were allowed to do, such as ... charging people more for their services and letting banks invest in a greater range of businesses
...
, How did financial deregulation make the financial system more global? It removed barriers on capital moving in and out of a country, making it easier for investment banks to buy and
sell shares across the world
All the changes that occured in the 1980s allowed a ... ... greater range of companies to get involved with finance and for banks to take on a greater number of services
Give an example of how the changes in the 1980s allowed a greater range of companies to get involved in Commercial banks selling shares
finance.
Give an example of a service that banks can now take on. Exchanging currency so countries can trade across national borders
What does it mean that we are now a part of the global financial system? The decisions of bankers or investors in one part of the world can affect a company on the other side of the world
The global trade system governs ... ... the flow of products between countries
Governments regulate trade by controlling which ... ... products are let into the country and at what price by using tariffs, non-tariff barriers and banning certain
products like illegal drugs
What are tariffs? Taxes on products entering the country
What are non-tariff barriers? Rules on the quality of the products coming in
Controls make it more expensive for ... ... companies to sell abroad and customers to buy foreign products
How can products be made cheaper for producers and consumers? Countries can enter into trade agreements so a country agrees to remove control if the other promises to do the
same
Give an example of how trade agreements can lead to investment. Audi built a factory in Mexico to gain access to other NAFTA countries
What is a bilateral agreement? Where 2 countries form a trade agreement and benefit
What is a multilateral agreement? Where multiple countries form a trade agreement
Trade agreements make up the ... ... global trade system
When was the World Trade Organisation established? 1995
What does the WTO do? Govern the global trade system by setting out rules on how countries can trade and act as a forum for countries to
negotiate deals and settle trade disputes
Give an example of a rule the WTO could set on how countries trade. Preventing countries from imposing unfair tariffs on each others' companies
What does NAFTA stand for? The North American Free Trade Agreement
When was NAFTA signed? 1994
Why was NAFTA signed? To eliminate trade barriers and promote cooperation amongst the USA, Canada and Mexico
Between 1993 and 2007, by how much did trade between members increase? Tripled
How did Mexico benefit from NAFTA? Higher wages due to more agricultural sales and FDI
What is a downside to Mexico in NAFTA? The country could be exploited and result in job loss in Canada and the USA
When was NAFTA revised to become the USMCA? 2018
What does USMCA stand for? The United States, Mexico and Canada Agreement
Under the USMCA, to qualify for zero-tariffs, how much of a car's parts must have been manufactured in 75%
the relevant countries?
Under the USMCA, a significant part of the work done on cars must be by workers earning at least ... ... $16 an hour
Under the USMCA, what happened to Chapter 11? Chapter 11 was a way for investors and big corporations to fight government decisions and is now mostly gone
In some ways, trade agreements are necessary in a globalised world because ... ... unequal power means countries need to act as a block to negotiate
Give examples of transport improvements that now mean that people and products can move across the High speed rail and larger and faster ships and planes
world quickly and easily.
Containerisation began when ... ... uniform metal containers were invented in the 1950s which allowed more goods to be carried on a ship and
reduced transit time
How did containerisation reduce transit time? It was quicker to get goods off a ship and onto other transport like trains
Containerisation made it ... ... easier and cheaper for goods to move around the world
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