Unit 4 LAW04 - Criminal Law or Tort, and Concepts of Law
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Summary All of AQA Tort Law A-Level
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Unit 4 LAW04 - Criminal Law or Tort, and Concepts of Law
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a document that has all of aqa tort law needed for a levels, including concepts and substantive laws, with easy to use contents page that helps to locate each need you may have. each section has all the cases neccessary to help you succeed at a-level law
Unit 4 LAW04 - Criminal Law or Tort, and Concepts of Law
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A-Level Tort Law AQA
Tort Law................................................................................................................................. 3
Limitations of Liability.............................................................................................................3
Public Policy........................................................................................................................... 3
Remoteness of Damage.........................................................................................................4
Exemptions........................................................................................................................ 4
Res Ipsa Loquitur................................................................................................................... 4
To use, must prove............................................................................................................ 4
Floodgates of Litigation..........................................................................................................4
Risk Factors........................................................................................................................... 4
Practicability to take precautions (Latimer v AEC).............................................................4
Degree of Risk (Bolton v Stone).........................................................................................4
Standard of Care (Paris v Stepney Borough Council)........................................................5
Social Utility (Watt v Hertfordshire County Council)...........................................................5
Causation............................................................................................................................... 5
‘But for’ Test (Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital).......................................................5
Thin Skull Rule (Roe v Minister of Health).........................................................................5
Intervening Act...................................................................................................................5
Act of third party............................................................................................................5
Act of the claimant.........................................................................................................5
Defences................................................................................................................................ 6
Consent............................................................................................................................. 6
Contributory Negligence....................................................................................................6
Act of Stranger...................................................................................................................6
Act of God.......................................................................................................................... 6
Prescription........................................................................................................................ 6
Statutory Authority.............................................................................................................6
Warning Signs................................................................................................................... 6
Independent Contractors...................................................................................................6
Parliamentary Law Making.....................................................................................................7
Stages:............................................................................................................................... 7
Advantages........................................................................................................................ 7
Disadvantages................................................................................................................... 7
Influences...................................................................................................................... 8
Pressure groups.......................................................................................................8
Lobbying...................................................................................................................8
Law Commission......................................................................................................8
Parliamentary Sovereignty......................................................................................................8
Exceptions......................................................................................................................... 8
Claims in court........................................................................................................................ 9
Bringing a Tort Claim.........................................................................................................9
The Tracks:........................................................................................................................ 9
Appeals.............................................................................................................................. 9
Advantages of the Civil Courts...........................................................................................9
Disadvantages of the Civil Courts....................................................................................10
Tribunals............................................................................................................................... 10
, Structure of Tribunals.......................................................................................................10
Composition of Tribunals.................................................................................................10
Advantages of Tribunals..................................................................................................10
Disadvantages of Tribunals..............................................................................................10
ADR...................................................................................................................................... 10
Negotiation....................................................................................................................... 11
Mediation......................................................................................................................... 11
Arbitration........................................................................................................................ 11
Fault..................................................................................................................................... 11
Negligence....................................................................................................................... 11
Occupiers Liability............................................................................................................ 11
Economic Loss/Negligent Misstatement..........................................................................11
Defences.......................................................................................................................... 11
Remedies......................................................................................................................... 12
No Fault................................................................................................................................ 12
Strict Liability.................................................................................................................... 12
Vicarious Liability............................................................................................................. 12
Law and Morality.................................................................................................................. 12
What is law?.................................................................................................................... 12
What is morality?............................................................................................................. 13
Characteristics of law and morality...................................................................................13
Laws with no morality.......................................................................................................13
Morals with no legal support............................................................................................13
Morality influences law.....................................................................................................13
Law influenced morality...................................................................................................14
Occupiers Liability Act 1957.............................................................................................14
Occupiers Liability Act 1984.............................................................................................14
Negligence....................................................................................................................... 14
Private Nuisance.............................................................................................................. 14
Rylands v Fletcher........................................................................................................... 14
Vicarious Liability............................................................................................................. 15
Contributory negligence/consent......................................................................................15
Law and society.................................................................................................................... 15
Negligence........................................................................................................................... 15
Duty of Care..................................................................................................................... 15
Neighbour Principle (Donoghue v Stevenson).............................................................15
Three Part Caparo Test (Caparo v Dickmen)..............................................................15
Breach of Duty................................................................................................................. 15
Variance of reasonableness expected:........................................................................16
Risk Factors that affect reasonableness:.....................................................................16
Loss................................................................................................................................. 16
Special Damages (pecuniary damages)......................................................................16
General Damages (non-pecuniary damages)..............................................................16
Remedies......................................................................................................................... 17
Defences.......................................................................................................................... 17
Negligently Inflicted Psychiatric Harm...................................................................................17
Primary Victims................................................................................................................ 17
Rescuers (subsection of primary victims)....................................................................17
1
, Secondary Victims........................................................................................................... 17
Alcock Test.................................................................................................................. 17
Remedies......................................................................................................................... 18
Defences.......................................................................................................................... 18
Private Nuisance.................................................................................................................. 18
To prove........................................................................................................................... 18
Unreasonable Interference Factors.............................................................................18
Location (Laurence v Fenn Tigers; Sturgers v Bridgmen).......................................18
Duration (Barr v Biffa Waste)..................................................................................18
Degree of interference (Barr v Biffa Waste)............................................................19
Sensitivity (Yorkshire Electricity v Bridlington Relay; Robinson v Kilvert)................19
Social Utility (Dennis v Minister of Defence)...........................................................19
Malice (Christie v Daley; Hollywood Silver Fox Farm v Emmet)..............................19
Remedies.................................................................................................................... 19
Defences..................................................................................................................... 19
Rylands v Fletcher................................................................................................................ 19
Accumulation (Giles v Walker)....................................................................................19
Dangerous (Hale v Jennings Bros)..............................................................................19
Non-Natural Use (Rickards v Lothian).........................................................................19
Escapes (Read v Lyons).............................................................................................20
Reasonably Foreseeable Damage (Cambridge Waters v Eastern Counties Leather). 20
Remedies......................................................................................................................... 20
Defences.......................................................................................................................... 20
Economic Loss..................................................................................................................... 20
Negligent Misstatement........................................................................................................20
Skill/Expertise (Chaudry v Prahkbar)...........................................................................20
No Disclaimer (Patchet v SPATA)...............................................................................21
Known User (Goodwill v BPA).....................................................................................21
Known Purpose (Caparo v Dickmen)..........................................................................21
Reasonable Reliance (Smith v Eric S Bush)................................................................21
Remedies......................................................................................................................... 21
Defences.......................................................................................................................... 21
Vicarious Liability.................................................................................................................. 21
Things to prove................................................................................................................ 21
‘Employee’................................................................................................................... 21
Control Test (Yewens v Noakes)............................................................................22
Integration Test (Macdonald v Evans)....................................................................22
Operative Test (Ready Mix Concrete v Minister of Pensions).................................22
‘In the course of employment’......................................................................................22
Remedies......................................................................................................................... 22
Defences.......................................................................................................................... 22
Occupiers Liability 1957....................................................................................................... 23
Lawful visitor.................................................................................................................... 23
Express....................................................................................................................... 23
Implied......................................................................................................................... 23
Occupier.......................................................................................................................... 23
Premises.......................................................................................................................... 23
Duty................................................................................................................................. 23
2
, Duty varies in regards to..............................................................................................23
Children.................................................................................................................. 23
Special Visitors.......................................................................................................23
Breach Duty..................................................................................................................... 24
Acted Reasonably............................................................................................................ 24
Remedy........................................................................................................................... 24
Defences.......................................................................................................................... 24
Occupiers Liability 1984....................................................................................................... 24
Trespasser (BRB v Herrington; Doctrine of Common Humanity).....................................24
Occupier.......................................................................................................................... 25
Premises.......................................................................................................................... 25
Duty of Care..................................................................................................................... 25
Child Trespassers............................................................................................................ 25
Risk.................................................................................................................................. 25
Reasonable Precautions..................................................................................................25
Trespasser knowingly takes risk......................................................................................25
Remedies......................................................................................................................... 25
Defences.......................................................................................................................... 25
Tort Law
- French or wrong
- Finding who is responsible to give the victim compensation
- Only has to be 51% positive of the thing occurring in comparison to criminal of
beyond a reasonable doubt
- Can only claim as much to put the victim in the position they were in prior
Limitations of Liability
- There is a limit on how much time can pass after a claim arises before it is
inactionable
- Actions found in tort, expire after 6 years have passed from the date the action
occurred
- It is expected that after 6 years that the dispute has been finished
Public Policy
- Based on the common good and seeks to address issues affecting the welfare of the
general public
- Crucial role in shaping and directing the actions of government and other legal
actors, as well as promoting public interest and protect rights and welfare of citizens
- Public policy tends to mean that those working in public sectors will likely not be
liable (more likely vicarious liability) in order to prevent discouraging people to join
the public sector
3
,Remoteness of Damage
- Damage will be too remote if it is not reasonably foreseeable, damage that is too
remote cannot be claimed for (The Wagon Mound)
Exemptions
1. Type of damage is foreseeable but not the extent
a. (Bradford v Robinson Rentals) : a car heater was not fixed and the man
suffered from frostbite
i. Can claim because harm was foreseeable but was unusual for it to be
frostbite
2. Harm was foreseeable but not the method
a. (Hughes v Lord Advocate) : two boys were playing around an open and
unattended manhole when they fell in and two paraffin lamps exploded
causing severe burns
i. Can claim as foreseeable for burns to occur as lamps were left
unattended but the method was unusual
Res Ipsa Loquitur
- ‘The facts speak for themselves’
- Reverses the burden of proof
To use, must prove
1. The defendant was in control of the situation
2. There was no other explanation other than negligence (Scott v London St Katherine’s
Docks)
Floodgates of Litigation
- A term referring to the metaphor of floodgates
- Notion there is potentially an ocean of potential litigants with potential claims who
would engulf the courts and inundate the courts of justice
- Limits who can claim and when
Risk Factors
Practicability to take precautions (Latimer v AEC)
- The easier it is to take precautions the less reasonable you are if you don’t take them
Degree of Risk (Bolton v Stone)
- The higher the degree of risk the less reasonable you are if you don’t try to prevent
4
, Standard of Care (Paris v Stepney Borough Council)
- if there's a higher standard of care the less reasonable you are if you don’t take more
care
Social Utility (Watt v Hertfordshire County Council)
- More socially useful something is the more reasonable it is
Causation
‘But for’ Test (Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital)
- ‘But for the defendants actions, the loss would not have occurred’
Thin Skull Rule (Roe v Minister of Health)
- Take victims as they are
Intervening Act
- Where there is a new intervening act this may break the chain of causation, removing
liability from the defendant
- The legal test applicable will depend upon whether the new act was that of a third
party or an act of the claimant
Act of third party
- Where the new act is of a third party, the test is whether the act was foreseeable
- If the act of the third party was foreseeable, the defendant remains liable and the
chain of causation remains in tact
- If the act of the third party was not foreseeable this will break the chain of causation
and the defendant will not be liable for the actions of the third party
Act of the claimant
- Where the new intervening act is that of the claimant, the test is whether the claimant
acted reasonably in the circumstances
- If the claimant’s actions are deemed reasonable, the chain of causation remains
intact thus the defendant is liable for the actions of the claimant
- If the claimant’s actions are deemed unreasonable, the chain of causation is broken
and thus the defendant is not liable for the actions of the claimant
5
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