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Summary - Advanced and Applied Insect Physiology (G0R58A)

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Summary of powerpoints and additional information. I obtained an 18/20.

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  • July 8, 2023
  • 27
  • 2022/2023
  • Summary
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H1: Introduction to insects
1. Tree of life
 Bacteria + archaea: prokaryotes  archaea more related to eukaryotes!
 Eucarya: DNA with histone proteins + membrane-bound nucleus + symbiogenesis
(mitochondria)
 Opisthokonta lead to evolution of all animals!

 Most animals are protostomes (Echinodermata + Chordata: deuterostomes)
 Arthropoda: biggest phylum + tardigrades & onychophores are sistergroups
 Insects arose from group within crustaceans  remipedia + branchiopoda most related to
insects than other crustaceans

MOST GROUPS ORIGINATED BEFORE THE PRECAMBRIUM!

Trilobita= early arthropods living in the Cambrian era (>500 MYA)  extinct at end of permian

INSECTS: ALREADY PRESENT IN ORDIVICIAN/SILURIAN!

2. Arthropod characteristics
Exoskeleton  Protection against diseases + predators + evaporation
(cuticula)  Anchoring site for skeletal muscles
 Limiting body volume growth
Molting process  Shedding of external cuticular layer
(ecdysis)  Cyclical event, hormonal regulation
Complex eyes 1.Multiple ommatidia  own lens system + photoreceptors + pigment
cells (nerve fibres bundled in optic nerve to NS)
2. Ocelli: detection light-dark + orientation to light source
Coelome reduction Coelome= body cavity surrounded by mesodermal tissue
Open circulatory  Hemolymph pumped around by heart
system
Nervous system  Double chain of segmentally arranged ventral ganglia  fused
Paired jointed  Legs + antennae
appendages  1 pair per segment
IN EVOLUTION: EXOSKELETON IS PRIMARY FACTOR IN ARTHROPODISATION!

3. Cuticular processes during molting
Epidermis/hypodermis= skin layer underneath cuticle  produces cuticle towards exterior

Epicuticle= waxy lipid-containing upper layer  avoids evaporation + protects against invading MO +
role in communication

Oenocytes= epidermal cells that fluctuate in size during molting
cycle  produce waxy product that ends up in epicuticle

1. Apolysis: epidermal cells detach from old cuticle 
exuvial space
2. Epidermal cells secrete fluid with degrading proenzymes



1

, 3. Attack inner layers of old cuticle  degradation endocuticle (soft)
4. Degradation of exocuticle + pressure from inside  old cuticle breaks
5. Production new procuticle
6. Fore + hindgut: take old cuticle + molting fluid back up
7. Sclerotisation: hardening cuticle

Alpha-chitin= N-acetylglucosamine units in different chains (antiparallel position)  crosslinking
proteins during sclerotization

4. Insect anatomy
A. Skeleton

1.Tergum: dorsal sclerite
2.Sternum: ventral sclerite
3.Pleuron: weaker regions between cuticle (no sclerotization)
 Part of cuticle invaginates inside (apodeme): attachment site of
muscles
 Calcium carbonate deposition to make it hard!

B. Bodyplan

1. HEAD: antennae (1 pair) + mouthparts
2. THORAX: legs (3 pairs) + wings (2 pairs) on mesothorax + metathorax
3. ABDOMEN: visceral organs

Legs:

Coxa  Trochanter  Femur  Tibia  Tarsus  Metatarsus

Mouthparts:

1) Mandibles (paired)  crush food
2) Maxillae (paired)
3) Labium (unpaired): 2nd pair of maxillae, fused at midline  food uptake + finding and sensing
food
4) Labrum (unpaired)  covers all mouth parts
5) Hypopharynx

Tympanal organ  Ears that sense vibration
Spiracles  Connection with trachea
Tracheal system  Gas exchange
 Trachea connect to every cell  each cell in body has own supply of
O2 ( humans!)
 Lined with cuticle
Crop  Storage of food
Gastric ceca  Produce digestive enzymes into midgut
Brain  Fusion of supraoesophageal ganglia
 Perceives info from antennae
Dorsal vessel  Heart pumps hemolymph around
Palps + antennae  Sensory organs
Ventral nerve  Connects ventral nerve ganglia
chord  NS in ventral region


2

, Fat body  Storage of energy-rich nutrients
Extensor muscle  Extends tibia of legs
Flexor muscle  Bends tibia of legs
 ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY
Malpighian  Secrete ions + uric acid (N metabolism) from hemolymph into lumen
tubules  Delivered into faeces in small amount of water
 Generate fluid in countercurrent: backwards to gastric ceca + taken up
again
 Mixing digestive enzymes + reabsorption nutrients
 Rectum: reabsorption water + useful molecules  dry faeces!


Flying muscles:
Direct + indirect flight muscles Indirect flight muscles
locusts + dragonflies flies + midges
1. Muscles attached to hinges 1. Muscles attached to thorax
of wings 2. Contraction  changes shape of thorax
2. Contraction  moves 3. Affects hinge region of wings
wings 4. No direct flight muscles needed!

Sensory organs:

1) Compound eyes + ocelli
2) Tympanum
3) Mechanosensory hairs
4) Chemosensory perception (odor/taste): antennae + tarsi + mouth parts




C. Nervous system

1. Protocerebrum
2. Deuterocerebrum
3. Tritocerebrum

Corpora cardiaca= paired neurohemal organ close to front end of heart  store + release
neurohormones into hemolymph

Corpora allata= production + release juvenile hormone  regulate developmental and reproductive
processes

Mushroom bodies/ corpora pedunculata= neuropil structures in
protocerebrum that process sensory information from antennal lobe 
olfactory learning + memory

 VERY LARGE IN SOCIAL INSECTS!

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