In-depth and detailed lecture notes on the anatomy of the respiratory system. Includes pictures plus additional notes from the recommended reading to expand knowledge on the subject.
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Lecture 16 anatomy or the respiratory tract
the respiratory system is composed of structures involved in ventilation providing air and gasexchange
Functions
provide an extensivesurface area for gasexchange between air and circulating blood
move air to and from the exchange surfaces or the lungs along respiratory pathways
protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration temperaturechanges and pathogens
Produce sounds for speaking and other forms of communication
Detect odors
organization of the respiratory system
anatomically the system can be organized and divided into an upper andlowerrespiratory system
the upper respiratory tract
Functions
warms and moistens and filters the air
olfaction
resonates sound
the nose
the nose is the primary passage wayfor air entering the respiratory system
air normally enters through the paired nostrils which open into the nasal cavity
Nasal vestibule is the space contained within the flexible tissue of the nose
Epithelium of the vestibule contains coarse hairs that extend across the nostrils
Large airborne particles are trapped in these to prevent entering the nasal cavity
Hairs are called vibrissae
functions of the nose include
1 warming moistening and filtering air
2 containing smellreceptors olfaction
3 modifying speechsounds
4 part of the respiratory defense mechanism
Filtration
the nasal cavity is divided into left and right sidesby the nasalseptum
lined with pseudostratified columnarepithelium with numerous mucus cells
conchae are sheerlike projections from the lateral wall or the nasal cavity
superior middle and inferior nasal concnae
narrow groves thatallow air to pass through the meatuses
produce turbulance whichallows more time to warm and moisten air
turbulence also allows small particles to come in contact with mucus
the oratory region is the superior portion or the nasal cavity andincludes areas lined by oratory
epithelium or mucosa
Interior surface or cribform plate
superior portion or nasal septum
, superior nasal concnae
Receptors in the oratory mucus provide a sense of smell
Paranasal sinuses
are the sinuses or the different bones ornose
air filled spaces thatdrain in nasal cavity
Lighten the skull andresonate sound
produce mucus
keepsnasal cavity moistand clean
Functions of nasal mucosa
the mucosa prepares inhaled air for thearrival at the
lower respiratory system
throughout much of the nasal the walls contain a rich
capillary network that underlies the mucosa
the circulating blood warms up the air
Bring water and nutrients to secretory cells
the pharynx
the pharynx or throat forms a communal passageway for the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems
extends from the nasal cavity to the entrances of the larynx and esophagus
It is divided into three parts
n the nasopharynx superior portion of thepharynx It
d h
It is lined by the same pseudo stratified ciliated
columnar epithelium as the nasal cavity
2 oropharynx mouth extends from sort palete to base or
tongue posterior portion of oralcavity connects directly to
it as well as the posterior portion of thenasopharynx
at boundry between oropharynxand nasopharynx the ayyy
epithelium changes to a stratified squamous epithelium
or pharynxbetweenhyoid bone to entrance or larynx
and esophagus It is lined by stratified squamous
epithelium that resistabrasion chemicals and pathogens
ayyy
there are manyimplication to the close proximity or the
gastrointestinal and respiratory systems
the larynx
a cartilaginous tube that surrounds and protects the glottis
Inhaled air leaves the pharynx and enters the larynx through the glottis a slit like opening
between the vocal cords that is the voice box
main Functions
maintaining an open airway
preventing food and drink from entering the lower respiratory tract
production or sound
also involved in
coughing
deraecation
Larynx begins at the level or the cu or es vertebra and ends at the level or co It is essentially
a cylinder that has incomplete cartilages that arestabalized by ligaments and laryngeal muscles
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