Provides a clear and explanatory summary of the future tense in Ancient Greek, with examples, in a table which can be applied to all suitable verbs in Greek. Extremely useful and saved me a lot of time (and brain ache!)
Future active and middle with sigma
For all verbs that form their future using sigma (including contract verbs), the endings of the future
active and middle are the same as for uncontracted present active and middle verbs:
ACTIVE MIDDLE
1st person singular I (ἐγώ) -ω -ομαι
2nd person singular you (σύ) -εις -ει / -ῃ
3rd person singular he/she/it/they [sg] -ει -εται
1st person plural we (ἡμεῖς) -ομεν -ομεθα
2nd person plural you (ὑμεῖς) -ετε -εσθε
3rd person plural they [pl] -ουσι(ν) -ονται
The verbs that form their future with sigma do so by adding it in one of three ways.
Simple addition of sigma
Verbs with stems that end in long vowels (e.g. παύω, κελεύω) simply insert a sigma between the
stem and the ending:
παύω παύομαι
1st sing παύσω παύσομαι
2nd sing παύσεις παύσει / παύσῃ
3rd sing παύσει παύσεται
1st pl παύσομεν παυσόμεθα
2nd pl παύσετε παύσεσθε
3rd pl παύσουσι(ν) παύσονται
Sigma and consonant stems
If the stem of a verb ends with a consonant other than λ, μ, ν or ρ, the sigma will either combine
with that consonant or replace it:
β, π, πτ, φ combine with σ to give ψ
γ, κ, σκ, χ and usually ττ combine with σ to give ξ
δ, ζ, θ and τ are simply replaced by σ
Sigma and contract verbs
To form the future stem of contract verbs, we lengthen the contracted vowel and then add sigma:
α lengthens to η
ε lengthens to η
ο lengthens to ω
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