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Summary Geography Revision Guide CCEA GCSE
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The ultimate revision guide to acing your Geography GCSE.
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Living in Our WorldTheme A: Population and Migration
Population growth, change and structure
Definitions
Crude Birth Rate (CBR): the number of live births each year per thousand of the
population in an area.
Crude Death Rate (CDR): the number of deaths each year per thousand of the
population in an area.
Natural change is achieved when there is an imbalance between the CBR and
the CDR.
A natural increase is achieved when there is a higher birth rate than death rate.
A natural decrease is achieved when there is a higher death rate than the birth rate.
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
The demographic transition model shows population change over time. It studies how birth
rate and death rate affect the total population of a country. It shows marked differences
between LEDCs and MEDCs.
Five stages of the demographic transition model
As a country passes through the demographic transition model, the total population rises.
Most LEDCs are at stage 2 or 3 (with a growing population and a high natural increase).
Most MEDCs are now at stage 4 of the model and some such as Germany have entered
stage 5.
As populations move through the stages of the model, the gap between birth rate and death
rate first widens, then narrows.
In stage 1 the two rates are balanced. In stage 2 they diverge, as the death rate falls relative
to the birth rate.
In stage 3 they converge again, as the birth rate falls relative to the death rate.
Finally in stage 4 the death and birth rates are balanced again but at a much lower level.
,Stage 1: Total population is low but it is balanced due to high birth rates (and high death.
Countries at this stage will usually be undeveloped.
Stage 2: Total population will start to rise because the death rates will start to fall (. Birth
rates will remain high. Death rates fall due to: medical care will be improved and sanitation
and water supplies will be much better
Stage 3: Total population is rising rapidly. The gap between birth and death rates will
narrow. Natural increase is high. Death rates will now remain low and steady but birth rates
will fall quickly. Birth rates fall due to: increased use of family planning methods and a much
lower infant mortality rates will mean that more children will survive and there is less need
to have as many babies;
Stage 4: Total population is high and growing slowly. It is balanced by a low birth rate and a
low death rate. Contraception is widely available and there is a social desire to have smaller
families.
Stage 5: Total population is still high but starting to decline due to the birth rate falling
below the death. The population will start to fall as it is no longer replacing itself. The
population is ageing and will gradually be dominated by older people.
POPULATION PYRAMIDS
Population pyramids show the structure of a population by comparing relative numbers of
people in different age groups.
, LEDCs
LEDCs have a wider base
showing higher birth rates but
rapidly decreasing sides
showing a lot of infan deaths
and high death rate
They also come to a very
sharp point showing very few
elderly people
This is a consequence of rapid
growth – lots of young people
with a short life expectancy
MEDCs
MEDCs have a narrow base showing
lower birth rates
They have even sides, showing low
infant mortality, good healthcare and a
stable population
They don’t narrow until older age groups
as they have a longer life expectancy
DEPENDENCY
Aged dependent
They depend on working population for
pension contributions and health care
MEDCs have an elderly population. This is a burden on the working population.
Increased life expectancy means people will have to work longer to support
themselves
LEDCs do not have this problem but must be planned for as health care is improving
Implications of an aged dependency population
Social Implications Economic Implications
Care for the aged: This will include medical Benefits: Each pensioner will receive a
services and expensive residential pension in an MEDC for 20 or more years.
accommodation.
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