Summary Study notes for a 7 in IB ESS Topic 8: Human Resources and Resource Use
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Course
IB Environmental Systems and Societies SL
Institution
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HUMAN SYSTEMS AND RESOURCE USE
Topic 8
8.1 HUMAN POPULATION DYNAMICS
Demographic variables: tools to quantify human population changes.
Births
total number of births
Crude Birth Rate = × 100
total population
Total Fertility Rate (TFR): average number of child births per woman of childbearing age.
- Highest fertility rates are found in LEDCs (eg. Sub-Sahara Africa), in MEDCs are lower.
- Influence by a combination of socio-cultural and economic factors.
Level of education and material ambition: the higher the parental education the fewer
children, poor people with limited resources often have large families. Middle-class families
with high aspirations have smaller families while affluent people have larger ones.
Political factors and family planning: governments in LEDCs attempt to reduce birth rates
by focusing on general family planning, investing sufficient finance in the schemes. Birth
controls were never very successful (except from China). In MEDCs, financial and social
support for children is often available to encourage a pro-natalist approach.
Economic prosperity: as the gross national product/capita increases, birth rate decreases.
However, prosperity encourages birth rates while recession and unemployment cause a
decline in birth rates due to higher costs of child upbringing
Need for children: high infant mortality rates increase pressure on women to have more
children (compensatory births). In some agricultural societies children provide farm labour.
Deaths
Crude Death Rate (CDR): number of deaths per thousand people in the population.
total number of deaths
Crude Death Rate = × 100
total population
It is a poor indicator of mortality trends age-specific mortality rates such as infant MR are
more useful. Variables affecting the CDR:
- Age structure: retirement towns with high life expectancy have higher CDR. Countries
with very young populations have low death rates (Mexican 30% population <15yo).
- Social class: poor people have higher mortality rates than more affluent ones. In South
Africa mortality rates are linked to racial groups as well.
- Occupation: hazardous jobs and disease threats (mining and respiratory diseases).
- Place of residence: in urban areas the highest mortality rates occur in areas of relative
poverty and deprivation due to overcrowding, pollution, high population density and
stress. Rural areas have widespread poverty and therefore high mortality rates.
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, - Child mortality and IMR: suffer great fluctuations depending on the level of development,
high only in the poorest countries as the causes are often preventable. Need for safe
water supply, adequate, sanitation, housing, healthcare and nutrition.
Natural Increase Rate (NIR): subtracting the CDR from the CBR.
Doubling Time (DT): number of years for a population to double at the current growth rate.
Found by dividing 70 years by the NIR.
Human Population growth: exponential until 2050 when it will stabilize to 12bln. 95% is
occurring in LEDCs.
It stresses water, agricultural and energy systems requiring extra resources to feed, house,
clothe and look after more people. It can be argued that the consumption by world’s poor
population is much lower than in MEDCs, although they have much lower population levels.
Age/Sex pyramids: used to make prediction about future population composition by
knowing the current age and sex structure of it.
Demographic Transition Model (DTM): shows how a population transitions from a pre-
industrial stage with high CBR and CDR to an economically advanced stage with low or
declining CBR and CDR.
Population Dynamics: factors affecting population growth are varied and differ and scale.
The range of factors that affect CDR and CBR make it difficult to predict future growth rates.
Birth rate is affected by cultural, historical, religious, social, political and economic factors
(cultures like Singapore where women are employed in the workforce, the birth rate is lower).
Death rate is affected by age-structure of the population, availability of clean water,
sanitation, adequate housing, reliable food supply, prevalence of disease, provision of
healthcare facilities, type of occupation, natural hazards, civil conflict and war and chances.
International Development Plants UN Millennium Development Goals (2000) with 21
measurable targets.
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
2. Achieve universal primary education.
3. Promote gender equality and empower women.
4. Reduce child mortality.
5. Improve maternal health.
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
7. Ensure environmental sustainability.
8. Develop global partnership for development.
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