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Lecture notes - notes from lecture slides and my notes. Pictures and diagrams are included. Blood and immune topics covered as well as cell transport.
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bio sci lectures 20 – 25blood and immune
BIO SCI _ LECTURE 16
THE COMPOSITION AND FEATURES OF BLOOD
The average person has 5L of blood.
14,000L circulates through your heart every
24 hr.
Large vessels - High volume/low flow.
Small vessels - Low volume/high flow.
Vast network of tiny capillaries – requires
quite high pressures to force blood through.
Heart and lungs primary engine room, to get blood
to Capillaries - muscles etc
Heart pumps blood to the lungs, the pulmonary
artery extends from the right ventricle to the lungs,
where unoxygenated blood is bathed in oxygen which you breathe in the
lungs
And drawn back through to the left atrium by the pulmonary vein
Then the Left ventricle - muscular chamber of the heart, then pumps
blood out through aorta and through arterial system to tissues and organs
Bone marrow - is source of homoeotic stem cells
All blood cells arise from tissue that is inside bone
Brain - using and burning oxygen
Kidneys - filter of blood
Liver - recipient of blood via and spleen
Blood spilt throughout body dependent on need
Pressure of arterial blood - is very high
Arteries different from veins, are muscular capillaries and have thick
muscular walls when left atrium pumps those walls expand to carry
pressure from the heart
This is your systolic pressure 120ml of mercury - ability
Left ventricle is squeezed at its tightest, and arteries expanded max
Blood pressure - signal of health, and high is arteries not expanding
properly
Arteries are muscular
Arterial system - heaps of pressure and is required
,Required to pump through small capillaries
Blood fill with proteins needs to be pumped through efficiently
Valves in Venus system no pressure, this to prevent backflow
Major components of blood
1. Cells –erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid.
2. Proteins – albumin, haemoglobin, fibrinogen,
immunoglobulins are the major plus many others.
3. Lipids bound in lipoproteins HDL, LDL, VLDL
- + - ++ ++ +
4. Electrolytes, salts and minerals (HCO , Na , Cl , Ca , Mg ,K ,
3
creatine, creatinine).
5. Vitamins, hormones.
6. Glucose.
Red blood cells - carries haemoglobin which has ion and carries oxygen
And 2 other forms
Myeloid and lymphoid innate and adaptive suystem
All come from same stem cell
Eryhtocytes, myeloid cells are things like - neutrophils, macrophages,
monocytes
Eosinophils, basophils
Lymphoide cells - b cells from bone marrow provide antibodies adaptive
immunity
T cells - migrate to thymus above heart become cellular adaptive immune
response
Albumin - most abundant protein - extremely important
Osmotic pressure to provide soak for fluid in your blood
To maintain hypotonicity and osmotic pressure
Haemoglobin - rbc carries oxygen
Fibrinogen - 7% of blood, forms blood cut
Coagulation system
Soluble, and is cleaved to form small fibrine molecules which cross link
together to from clot
,Lipids - fatty acids
Transported through blood by lipoproteins (signal for susceptibility to
heart disease) LDL to HDL
Based on density, very low density
Centrifugation of blood –
Add anticoagulant like heparin to stop
blood clotting, And then put it in
centrifuge
Plasma - blood still has fibrogenin in it and
hasn’t clotted
White buffy coat - white blood cells
lymphocytes and myeloid cells leukocytes
Blood Cells
Erythrocytes –
oxygen transport
5-6 million
Leukocytes
immune defence
10,000ml
most abundant
Respond immediately to infection
From cparillary through capilaary tissue to site
Platelets –
Coagulation and tissue repair
400,000ml
- Form clot to prevent leakage
- Release a number of factors to regulate homeostatic tissue repair
Blood proteins – separation
PLASMA
The viscous liquid fraction of blood without cells. Contains fibrinogen that
is removed with coagulation.
, SERUM
Less viscous yellow liquid remaining after removal of the clot.
SERUM ELECTROPHORESIS
Serum proteins exposed to an electric field
separates into 5 distinct bands.
1. Albumin ~ 50% of total
2. Globulin ~ 40% of total
• α1, α2, β, γ (immunoglobulins)
Beta - major proteins
Gamma fraction - antibodies reside
Positively charged, Migrate to negative end
B cell – malignant, Mature b cell
Produces antibodies in high amounts
Stain it and see big band - thus malignant b
cell
Major blood proteins –
1. Albumin Constitutes 50% of total blood protein. Maintains
colloidal osmotic pressure. Binds and transports many small
molecules, hormones
- Protein sponge absorbs fluid to allow it to be balanced Because you
don’t want it leaking Capillaries are very weak - can leak easily
Osmotic pressure needs to be balanced carefully
2. Fibrinogen constitutes 7% of total blood protein. Activated
through the coagulation cascade to form cross-linked fibrin.
3. Immunoglobulins – Antibodies. Diverse repertoire of antigen
binding proteins – produced by B lymphocytes
4. Complement - 9 proteins that “coat” bacteria targeting them for
phagocytosis. C3 is the major component. Opsonisation.
Contribute to innate protein, 9 major ones, to tag things that do
not look like self, Infection in bacteria to break barriers of skin,
and is now in tissue, first thing will happen capillaries will leak,
blood will leak out and complement proteins will react with
surface of bacteria and coat it It signals the white cells to migrate
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