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BKAT Study Exam|157 Questions and answers
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BKAT Study Exam|157 Questions andanswers
What to do first if patient has chest pain. - -Rest!
-ECG changes in an acute MI - -ST elevation in 2 or more contiguous leads.
Ischemia d/t full thickness loss of muscle. EMERGENCY.
-Inferior leads - -II, III, aVF. RCA occlusion.
-Septal leads - -V1 & V2.
-Anterior leads - -V1 - V4. LAD lesion.
-Lateral leads - -V5, V6, I, and aVL. Circumflex lesion.
-Cardiac enzymes - -Troponins, CK-MB, and CK
-Changes in CK - -Rise: 3-6 hours
Peak: 24 hours
Normal: 3-4 days
-Changes in CK-MB - -Released after myocardial necrosis. Specific for
myocardial damage.
Rise: 3-12 hours
Peak: 24 hours
Normal: 2-3 days
-Troponin I - -Protein found in cardiac muscle. High sensitivity.
Rise: 3-12 hours
Peak: 24 hours
Normal: 5-10 days
-Troponin T - -Protein found in cardiac muscle. High sensitivity.
Rise: 3-12 hours
Peak: 12-48 hours
Normal: 5-14 days
-Common conditions that cause a murmur - -Aortic dissection, aortic
regurgitation (both acute & chronic), mitral valve regurgitation (both acute &
chronic), mitral valve stenosis
-Drugs to decrease afterload/SVR/PVR - -(Arterial Dilators) Nitroprusside,
nitroglycerin, amrinone, alpha (Regitine) & Ca channel blockers
, -Drugs to increased afterload/SVR/PVR - -(Vasopressors) Epinepherine,
norepinepherine, dopamine, neosynephrine
-Drugs to decrease contractility/SVI - -Beta blockers (atenolol, metoprolol,
propranolol, labetolol, esmolol) and Ca channel blockers
-Drugs to increase contractility/SVI - -Positive inotropes, dobutamine,
dopamine, milrinone, and digoxin
-Drugs to decrease preload/CVP/PAWP - -Venous Dilators - Nitroglycerin,
nitroprusside, amrinone, alpha & Ca channel blockers
Diuretics - Furosemide, bumex, mannitol
-Drugs to increase preload/CVP/PAWP - -Volume - Colloid, crystalloids,
blood, hetastarch
Dysrhythmia control - antirhythmics, pacemaker, AICD
-Complications when using thrombolytics - -Allergic reaction,
bleeding/hemorrhage, stroke
-Failure to capture - -Pacer delivers a stimulus at the appropriate time but
no depolarization occurs. No P or QRS wave after pacer spike.
-Failure to fire/pace - -No pacer spikes seen
-Failure to sense - -Pacemaker does not detects heart's intrinsic activity or
interprets noncardiac activity as intrinsic activity. Spikes in inappropriate
times.
-Normal PR - -0.12 - 0.20
-Normal QRS - -0.04-0.10
-Normal QT - -Less than 0.48. Varies by age, HR, and gender.
-Vasopressors - -Epinepherine, norepinepherine, dopamine,
phenylephrine/neosynephrine, vasopressin/pitressin, milrinone/Primacor,
dobutamine/Dobutrex
-Indication for dopamine/Intropin - -Acts on SNS to increased HR and BP.
Indicated for hypotension, low CO, decreased renal blood flow. Use if patient
is bradycardic.
-Doses of dopamine - -Low: 0.5-2 mcg/kg/min (dopaminergic)
Intermediate: 2-10 mcg/kg/min (beta receptors, increases CO)
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