A note on the field of programming, how to learn programming and training courses for programming, learning programming from scratch to professionalism, learning programming for beginners to professionalism, programming languages
,• Structure of a program
– See ~zxu2/Public/ACMS40212/C++_basics/basics.cpp
Compilation Stages
– To see how the code looks after pre-processing, type
icc –A –E basics.cpp
2
,• Aggregates
1. Variables of the same type can be put into arrays or multi-D arrays, e.g.,
char letters[50], values[50][30][60];
Remark: C has no subscript checking; if you go to the end of an array, C won't
warn you.
2. Variables of different types can be grouped into a structure.
typedef struct {
int age;
int height;
char surname[30];
} person;
…
person fred;
fred.age = 20;
Remark: variables of structure type can not be compared.
Do not do:
person fred, jane;
…
if(fred == jane)
{
printf(“the outcome is undefined”);
} 3
, Pointers
• A variable can be viewed as a specific block of memory in
the computer memory which can be accessed by the
identifier (the name of the variable).
– int k; /* the compiler sets aside 4 bytes of memory (on a PC) to hold the value
of the integer. It also sets up a symbol table. In that table it adds the symbol k
and the relative address in memory where those 4 bytes were set aside. */
– k = 8; /*at run time when this statement is executed, the value 8 will be
placed in that memory location reserved for the storage of the value of k. */
• With k, there are two associated values. One is the value of the
integer, 8, stored. The other is the “value” or address of the memory
location.
• The variable for holding an address is a pointer variable.
int *ptr; /*we also give pointer a type which refers to the type of data stored at
the address that we will store in the pointer. “*” means pointer to */
4
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