Chemistry is a fascinating field of study that looks at the structure, characteristics, and behavior of matter. You will set out on a journey in your Grade 9 Science class to solve the atomic world's secrets, learn the wonders of chemical reactions, and delve into the periodic table's structure. Th...
Particle Theory:
General Info:
● Matter is anything that has mass and volume
● Matter has 3 main states:
○ Solid
○ Liquid
○ Gas
● Examples of not matter:
○ Time
○ Sound
○ Light
○ Gravity
○ Energy
● Matter is made out of particles
● The particles are always moving
Particle Theory of matter:
1. All matter is made up of tiny particles that have empty spaces between them.
2. Different substances are made up of different kinds of particles.
3. Particles are in constant random motion.
4. The particles of a substance move faster as its temperature increases.
5. Particles attract each other.
Examples of particle theory of matter:
Solid: Liquid: Gas:
● Definite shape and volume ● No definite shape, but there is a ● No definite
● Strong attraction forces definite volume ● Little to no
● Packed together ● Particles are somewhat ● A lot of sp
● Little energy attracted to each other particles
● Can only vibrate in place ● More farther apart ● A lot of en
● A bit more energy ● Bounces a
● Can vibrate and move more in constan
easily (rotate)
Extra Notes:
● The particles themselves do not shrink or grow, the space between the particles grow or shr
● The more energy, the more movement, the more space between the particles
● Diffusion:
○ Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of high concentration to low conc
the even mixing of substances.
○ Diffusion mostly happens in liquids and gasses. Liquid and gas particles bounce aroun
spread out. Gasses have more spaces in between the particles than liquids, so this cau
faster than liquids.
● Dissolving
, Classification of Matter:
● Pure substance:
● one type of atoms or molecules, has a constant composition and structure
○ Elements
■ Made up of one kind of atom
■ Cannot be broken down any further
■ If it is on the periodic table, it is an element
■ EX: hydrogen, oxygen, calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, lead
■ EX: helium gas in balloons
○ Compounds
■ Made up of molecules (2 or more different atoms chemically bonded together)
■ Can be broken into their individual atoms through chemical reactions
■ EX: water (made up of hydrogen and oxygen)
● water (H2O) <- means 2 hydrogen and an oxygen
●
■ EX: carbon dioxide (carbon and oxygen)
● carbon dioxide (CO2) <- means carbon dioxide and 2 oxygen
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