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Summary Notes For STEM12
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lecture notes for grade 12 stem
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Volume, Mass, and TemperatureVolume
Volume is derived unit that refers to the amount of space that matter occupies. The SI unit for volume is
cubic meter (m3 ) and for the metric system, Liter (L). One (1) Liter is equivalent to 1000mL or 1000cm3 .
Mass
Mass refers to the quantity of matter and should be differentiated form weight which is based on mass
and the strength of the gravitational force. The mass of any object is constant but weight is not.
Temperature
The SI unit for temperature is Kelvin (K) but two other units are commonly used, the 0C (degree Celsius)
and 0F (degree Fahrenheit).
What is estimation in measurement?
Estimation can help you make a rough measurement of an object. When you estimate, you can use your
knowledge of the size of something familiar to estimate the size of a new object. Estimation is a skill
based on previous experience and is useful when exact numbers are not required. Estimation is a
valuable skill that improves with experience, practice, and understanding. Note: In answering this
module, you can use extra sheet of pad paper/bond paper. Don’t forget to write your name, Grade level
and section.
ERROR ESTIMATION
When making an estimation of error of measurement, it’s important to determine first the sources of
error. There are two types of errors, random errors and systematic errors. Random errors are statistical
fluctuations in the measured data due to the precision limitations of the measurement device. Random
errors can be evaluated through statistical analysis and can be reduced by averaging over a large
number of observations. While systematic errors are reproducible inaccuracies that are consistently in
the same direction. These errors are difficult to detect and cannot be analyzed statistically. If a
systematic error is identified when calibrating against a standard, applying a correction or correction
factor to compensate for the effect can reduce the bias. Unlike random errors, systematic errors cannot
be detected or reduced by increasing the number of observations.
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