Unit 2F.1 - India, c1914-48: the road to independence
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Summary India, c1914-48: The road to Independence Timelines
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Unit 2F.1 - India, c1914-48: the road to independence
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A complete Timeline of all key events, as well as an in-depth chronological analysis of each Viceroy of India required for the course: India, c1914-48; The road to Independence. The set of essay plans contain A* level material, drawing on my Indian Independence Complete Course PDF document that is ...
Unit 2F.1 - India, c1914-48: the road to independence
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India Timeline 2023
WW1 starts: 28th July 1914 Gandhi-Irwin Pact: 1930 Churchill replaced by Labour MP Atlee as PM: 26th July 1945
DORA: 7th August 1914 First Round Table Conference: 12 Nov 1930 INA Trials: November 1945 to May 1946
DOIA: March 1915 Indian Provincial + Central Gov elections: spring 1946
Komagata Maru refused entry Canada: set sail September 1914 Willingdon becomes Viceroy: 1931 The Cabinet Mission: April 1946
Shell Crisis: 1915 Second Round Table Conference: 7th Sept 1931 The Simla Conference: May 1946
Gandhi returns to India: 9th Jan 1915 Inauguration of New Delhi: February 1931 The May Statement: May 1946
Third Round Table Conference: November 17th 1932 The Muslim League’s move to Direct Action: 16th August 1946
Chelmsford becomes Viceroy: 1916 Gandhi arrested and imprisoned: Jan 4th 1932 The Interim Government took power: 2nd September 1946
Home Rule Leagues founded: April 1916 Congress resolved: 1st June 1932 A loss of control/violence: late 1946
Lucknow Pact: December 1916 Government of India Act: 1935 Lord Mountbatten appointed as last Viceroy: 22nd March 1947
Montagu Declaration: 20th Aug 1917 The ‘Simla Moment’ and Plan Balkan: 10th May 1947
‘Khaki Election’: 14th December 1918 Linlithgow becomes Viceroy: 1936 The Menon Plan: 3rd June 1947
Bolsheviks take over Russia: Nov 7th 1917 Provincial Elections: 1937 Mountbatten voices details of Menon Plan on All-India Radio 3rd June
Rowlatt Acts: 1919 WW2 starts: 1st September 1939 1947
Amritsar Massacre: 13th April 1919 Neville Chamberlain declares war on Germany: 3rd September 1939 Mountbatten says Independence will occur 15th August 1947 (10
Dyer forced resignation: 3rd May 1920 Viceroy Linlithgow commits 300m Indians to war without consultation: months early): 3rd June 1947
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms: 1918 3rd September 1939 Partition Council set up: June 1947
The Government of India Act: 23rd Dec 1919 Congress demands independence after war + constitution immediate The Radcliffe Commissions/Radcliffe Awards: 8th July 1947
Gandhi launches campaign vs Rowlatt Act: 1919 central gov: July 1940 Passing of the Independence Act: 15th July 1947
Nagpur Conference: December 31st 1920 Lahore Resolution: March 1940 19th July 1947: The formation of new provincial governments and the
Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement: 1920 Linlithgow met with Jinnah, offered ML’s support return abandonment appointment of the Viceroy’s replacement
Congress Working Committee formed: 1920 idea creating Federation: 4th September 1939 Punjab Boundary Force established: August 1st 1947
Reading becomes Viceroy: 1921 US following policy isolationism + Lend Lease: September 1939 Independence Act announced/Independence Day: 15th August 1947
Jinnah rejects Congress suggestion joint campaign national opposition Partition announced: 17th August 1947
Moplah Rebellion: 1921 declaration of war: 1939 Gandhi assassinated: 30th January 1948
Chauri Chaura Rebellion: 6th Feb 1922 Britain alone expect for its Empire: May-June 1940 Jinnah’s death: 11th September 1948
Gandhi arrested for sedition: 10th March 1922 (6 years) RAF wins Battle of Britain: August-September 1940
Congress members gain right to stand at local elections: 1923 The Lahore Resolution – first demand Pakistan: 23rd March 1940
Gandhi released: 1924 (4 years early) Jinnah’s ‘Day of Deliverance’ (Congress resigned control of 8 provincial
All Indian Spinners Association established: 1924 govs): 22nd December 1940
August Offer: 8th Aug 1940
Irwin becomes Viceroy: 1926 INA formed by Subhas Bose: August 1942
Conservatives London worried lose general election to Labour: 1927 The Cripps Mission: 30th March 1942
Conservatives bring review date GOIA forward from 1929 to 1919: 1927 The ‘Quit India’ Movement: 8th Aug 1942
British gov send ‘Simon Commission’ assess GOIA: 1927 Appointment of new Viceroy – Wavell: September 1943
‘Young Hooligans’ formed response to Simon Commission: 1928 The Bengal Famine: 1943-44
The Nehru Report: 1928
Election in Britain – Labour Gov elected with liberal coalition: 30th May Wavell becomes Viceroy: 1944
1929 Change of US president – FDR dies/replaced by Harry Truman: April
Irwin Declaration and Gandhi’s dilemma: 31st October 1929 1945
Gandhi supports Young Hooligans + rejects offer attend 1st RTC: 1929
Gandhi’s Salt March: 12th March 1930 The Simla Conference: 25th June 1945
All Viceroys of India
Viceroy In office Achievements/Main Events
Lord Hardinge II 1910-1916 • Mesopotamian
• Hardinge’s early administration marked by political upheaval and terrorism; he himself wounded Campaign
by bomb at state entry into Delhi 1912, but viceroyalty saw great improvements relations • Transfer of Capital
between government and Indian nationalists. from Calcutta to Delhi
• In part due to the Indian Councils Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto reforms), Hardinge’s criticism of • Hindu Mahasabha was
South Africa’s anti-Indian immigration act, and sympathy he expressed for passive-resistance established by Madan
movement started Gandhi. Mohan Malaviya
• At the outbreak WW1 (August 1914), Hardinge sent almost every European soldier available and
large contingents of Indian soldiers to British command, garnering local cooperation.
• Returned to England in 1916; his subsequent offer to resign due to criticism of his part in
arrangements for an abortive Mesopotamian campaign was refused.
Lord Chelmsford 1916-1921 • Home Rule League
• During early years WW1 he received quick promotions, to the surprise of many, and named Movements
viceroy in 1916. He inherited series repressive wartime emergency measures, such as • Rowlatt Act was
internment persons accused subversion, enacted over concerns about potential activity passed
associated with a surge in Indian nationalism. • Montague –
• Nevertheless, he undertook, with Edwin Samuel Montagu (sec state for India), a study of the Chelmsford reform
subcontinent’s political situation that became known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Report, was passed
presented to Parliament in 1918 + became basis of GOIA 1919.
• The principal tenet the proposed reforms was concept of dyarchy: the central and provincial
legislatures to be increased size and given elected majorities, certain departments of gov to be
transferred to control Indian ministers who were to be responsible for legislature.
• The number of Indians on the viceroy’s executive council of 7 was to be increased from 1 to 3.
• Before measures implemented, concerned about growing nationalist movement in India,
spearheaded passage of Rowlatt Acts early 1919, intended continue wartime emergency powers
of the executive branch. Acts met by strong Indian opposition and led to the Amritsar Massacre
Lord Reading 1921-1926 • Swaraj Party was
• Presided over turbulent period Indian nationalism and increasingly resorted to summary formed
measures, although he preferred conciliation. • Chauri – Chaura
• He imprisoned two Muslim leaders in 1921 and Mahatma Gandhi in 1922. incident took place
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