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Samenvatting zeer gedetailleerde sv cognitieve psychologie
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InhoudsopgaveWat is cognitieve psychologie?....................................................................................................................... 1
Cognitieve processen............................................................................................................................................1
Geschiedenis van de psychologie.........................................................................................................................1
Griekse psychologie..............................................................................................................................................1
Mnemonics...........................................................................................................................................................2
Nog meer psychologen.........................................................................................................................................2
Nog meer filosofie................................................................................................................................................3
Eerste psychologisch laboratorium......................................................................................................................4
Analytische introspectie.......................................................................................................................................4
Problemen met introspectie.................................................................................................................................5
Behaviorisme........................................................................................................................................................5
Cognitieve psychologie.........................................................................................................................................9
Informatieverwerkingsbenadering.....................................................................................................................10
Cognitieve psychologie vandaag........................................................................................................................10
Experimentele cognitieve psychologie...............................................................................................................10
1) Beschrijvend onderzoek............................................................................................................................10
2) Correlationeel onderzoek..........................................................................................................................10
3) Experimenteel onderzoek.........................................................................................................................11
4) Voor en nadelen psychologisch onderzoek...............................................................................................12
Cognitieve neurowetenschappen.......................................................................................................................12
Cognitieve neuropsychologie.............................................................................................................................13
Computationele cognitieve psychologie............................................................................................................14
Connectionisme..................................................................................................................................................14
Cognitieve psychologie vandaag........................................................................................................................14
De relatie tussen cognitieve psychologie en andere basisdisciplines.............................................................15
Hersenen in rust.................................................................................................................................................16
Culturele verschillen...........................................................................................................................................16
Hersenen in werking...........................................................................................................................................16
Familiale verschillen...........................................................................................................................................16
Visuele perceptie......................................................................................................................................... 17
1.Sensaties (=gewaarwordingen) versus perceptie (waarneming)....................................................................17
Perceptuele organisatie.....................................................................................................................................19
Gestaltpsychologie.............................................................................................................................................19
Gestalt wetten (meestal voorbeel law of prägnanz)..........................................................................................20
Figuur-achtergrondscheiding.............................................................................................................................20
Patroonherkenning............................................................................................................................................21
Visuele object herkenning..................................................................................................................................22
, Perceptie en actie...............................................................................................................................................23
Perceptie en actie: 2 visuele systemen.........................................................................................................23
Beperkingen van onze waarneming...................................................................................................................25
Wanneer change blindness?..........................................................................................................................26
Perceptie buiten ons bewustzijn.........................................................................................................................26
Stand van zaken rond subliminale priming........................................................................................................26
Blindsight en verwerking buiten bewustzijn......................................................................................................26
Perceptie buiten bewustzijn...............................................................................................................................27
Aandacht en prestatie.................................................................................................................................. 28
Verschillende vormen van aandacht..................................................................................................................28
Selectieve auditorische aandacht.......................................................................................................................28
Recente ontwikkelingen.....................................................................................................................................29
Selectieve visuele aandacht...............................................................................................................................30
Divided attention...........................................................................................................................................30
Object based attention..................................................................................................................................30
Wat gebeurt er met niet-geattendeerde stimuli?..............................................................................................31
Visual search......................................................................................................................................................31
Multitasking......................................................................................................................................................32
Hoe efficient is multitasking..........................................................................................................................32
Aandacht en bewustzijn.....................................................................................................................................34
Relatie tussen aandacht en bewustzijn.........................................................................................................34
Bewustzijn en “vrije wil”................................................................................................................................34
Korte-termijn en werkgeheugen................................................................................................................... 35
Korte-termijn geheugen= (is het systeem/ geheugen die je gebruikt om iets kort op te slaan)........................35
Sensorische(/zintuigelijke) geheugens...............................................................................................................36
Sperling schematisch..........................................................................................................................................36
Echoïsch geheugen (auditieve): Darwin, Turvey & Crowder (1972)..................................................................37
Korte Termijn geheugen (KTG)...........................................................................................................................37
Beperkte capaciteit KTG.....................................................................................................................................37
Cowan: 4+/-1......................................................................................................................................................38
KTG is fragiel: recentheidseffect.........................................................................................................................38
KTG is fragiel -> korte bewaartijd......................................................................................................................39
Korte-termijn vs lange-termijn...........................................................................................................................39
Evaluatie Atkinson & Shiffrin..............................................................................................................................40
Werkgeheugen...................................................................................................................................................40
Fonologische lus.................................................................................................................................................42
Het visuo-spatieel schetsblad (tegenhanger fonologische lus)..........................................................................42
Het visuo-spatieel schetsblad.............................................................................................................................43
Centrale verwerker.............................................................................................................................................43
Executieve functies.............................................................................................................................................43
, Inhibitie =het ondrukken van informatie............................................................................................................44
Motorische inhibitie...........................................................................................................................................44
Cognitieve flexibiliteit (taakafwisseling - shifting).............................................................................................44
Episodische buffer..............................................................................................................................................45
KTG en LTG zijn een eenheid?............................................................................................................................45
Werkgeheugencapaciteit...................................................................................................................................46
(Link) Werkgeheugen en intelligentie................................................................................................................46
Intelligentie? Wat?.............................................................................................................................................46
Kunnen we WG trainen?....................................................................................................................................47
Leren en Lange termijn geheugen................................................................................................................. 48
Impliciet versus expliciet leren...........................................................................................................................48
Impliciet leren: seriële reactietijd taak (SRRT)..............................................................................................48
“Robust” (intact) impliciet leren: Amnesie....................................................................................................48
Expliciet leren en diepte van verwerking...........................................................................................................50
Expliciet leren en distinctie.................................................................................................................................51
Expliciet leren en het test-effect.........................................................................................................................51
Langetermijngeheugen......................................................................................................................................51
Vergeten en verkeerde herinneringen................................................................................................................52
Interferentie.......................................................................................................................................................53
Interferentie in het echte leven.....................................................................................................................53
Alledaagse geheugen................................................................................................................................... 54
Traditioneel geheugen onderzoek vs alledaags geheugen onderzoek..............................................................54
Een voorbeeld: Saying-is believing effect......................................................................................................54
Autobiografisch geheugen.................................................................................................................................54
Platania & Hertkorn (1998) dood van Princess Diana...................................................................................54
verdrongen herinneringen linken autobiografisch geheugen)..........................................................................55
3 niveau’s (fraud onderscheide)....................................................................................................................55
3 systemen.........................................................................................................................................................56
ES...................................................................................................................................................................56
ICH..................................................................................................................................................................56
UBER-ICH........................................................................................................................................................56
Wetenschappelijk onderzoek naar verdrongen herinneringen....................................................................57
Autobiografisch geheugen doorheen de ontwikkeling......................................................................................57
Ooggetuigenverklaringen..................................................................................................................................57
Prospectief geheugen gelinkt aan everyday geheugen.....................................................................................58
Event-based vs time based.................................................................................................................................59
Probleemoplossing...................................................................................................................................... 60
Probleemoplossingsstrategieën.........................................................................................................................60
Heuristieken.......................................................................................................................................................60
Beschikbaarheidsheuristiek................................................................................................................................61
Representativiteitsheuristiek..............................................................................................................................61
, Heuristieken.......................................................................................................................................................62
Inzicht – ‘aha’.....................................................................................................................................................62
Recente voorbeelden van onderzoek naar inzicht.............................................................................................62
Inzicht, incubatie en slaap..................................................................................................................................63
Hoe kom je tot “inzicht”?...................................................................................................................................63
Het effect van eerdere ervaring.........................................................................................................................64
Functionele gefixeerdheid..................................................................................................................................64
Mental set..........................................................................................................................................................64
Hypotheses testen..............................................................................................................................................64
Beslissen en redeneren................................................................................................................................ 66
Judgments/beslissingen.....................................................................................................................................66
Heuristieken.......................................................................................................................................................67
Dual-proces model.........................................................................................................................................67
Terug naar base-rate neglect.........................................................................................................................67
Beslissen in alledaagse leven: “neuroeconomics”..............................................................................................68
Ander vb Neuroeconomics............................................................................................................................68
Beslissingen maken............................................................................................................................................68
Verwachte waardetheorie.................................................................................................................................68
Kahneman & Tversky (1984)..............................................................................................................................69
Kahneman & Tversky: “Prospect theory”......................................................................................................69
Redeneren..........................................................................................................................................................70
Syllogistisch redeneren (Deductief redeneren).............................................................................................70
Theorieën over redeneren.............................................................................................................................72
Andere vorm redeneren; Informeel redeneren............................................................................................73
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